本附录使用的配置片段还放在预置例子文件 ../example-preseed.txt 里面。
请注意，这里的例子是基于 Intel x86 架构的安装过程。如果您安装到其他架构，其中的一些例子(像键盘选择和 bootloader 安装)可能不恰当，需要用适合您架构的 debconf 设置替换。
设置本地信息只适用于使用 initrd 预置。其他方式下这些问题是在询问之后加载的。
locale 用于指定语言和国家或者任何 debian-installer 支持的语言与地区的组合。如果组合起来的不是有效的 locale，安装程序会自动选择一个指定语言可用的 locale。要在引导参数上指定本地，比如使用 locale=。 en_US
虽然这个方法很容易使用，但它无法预置所有的语言、国家和地方组合[29]。 因此另一种方法是单独预置各值。语言和国家可以在引导参数里面指定。
# Preseeding only locale sets language, country and locale. d-i debian-installer/locale string en_US # The values can also be preseeded individually for greater flexibility. #d-i debian-installer/language string en #d-i debian-installer/country string NL #d-i debian-installer/locale string en_GB.UTF-8 # Optionally specify additional locales to be generated. #d-i localechooser/supported-locales en_US.UTF-8, nl_NL.UTF-8
键盘设置由键盘体系和 keymap 组成。大多数情况下，默认可以选择正确的键盘体系，因此通常不必预置。keymap 必须对 debian-installer 所选择的键盘体系有效。
# Keyboard selection. #d-i console-tools/archs select at d-i console-keymaps-at/keymap select us # Example for a different keyboard architecture #d-i console-keymaps-usb/keymap select mac-usb-us
使用 skip-config 可以跳过键盘预置 console-tools/archs。这将导致内核 keymap 保持活动。
2.6 内核的输入层的变更实际上让键盘体系已经作废。对于 2.6 内核，通常应该选择 “PC” (at) keymap。
显而易见，预置网络设置对于从网络加载预置文件无效。但对从 CD 和 U 盘引导很有帮助。如果您计划从网络加载预置文件，应该使用传递网络设置给内核引导参数的方式。
如果您需要网络引导从网络加载预置文件前指定网卡，请用这种引导参数 interface=。 eth1
虽然使用网络预置(用 “preseed/url”)通常并不能配置网络，但是您可以使用下面的技巧实现。例如，为网卡设置静态地址。它使加载了预置文件以后网络预置再运行一次，这需要将下面的命令包含在 “preseed/run” 脚本里面：
killall.sh; netcfg
下面的 debconf 变量与网络配置相关。
# Disable network configuration entirely. This is useful for cdrom # installations on non-networked devices where the network questions, # warning and long timeouts are a nuisance. #d-i netcfg/enable boolean false # netcfg will choose an interface that has link if possible. This makes it # skip displaying a list if there is more than one interface. d-i netcfg/choose_interface select auto # To pick a particular interface instead: #d-i netcfg/choose_interface select eth1 # If you have a slow dhcp server and the installer times out waiting for # it, this might be useful. #d-i netcfg/dhcp_timeout string 60 # If you prefer to configure the network manually, uncomment this line and # the static network configuration below. #d-i netcfg/disable_dhcp boolean true # If you want the preconfiguration file to work on systems both with and # without a dhcp server, uncomment these lines and the static network # configuration below. #d-i netcfg/dhcp_failed note #d-i netcfg/dhcp_options select Configure network manually # Static network configuration. #d-i netcfg/get_nameservers string 192.168.1.1 #d-i netcfg/get_ipaddress string 192.168.1.42 #d-i netcfg/get_netmask string 255.255.255.0 #d-i netcfg/get_gateway string 192.168.1.1 #d-i netcfg/confirm_static boolean true # Any hostname and domain names assigned from dhcp take precedence over # values set here. However, setting the values still prevents the questions # from being shown, even if values come from dhcp. d-i netcfg/get_hostname string unassigned-hostname d-i netcfg/get_domain string unassigned-domain # Disable that annoying WEP key dialog. d-i netcfg/wireless_wep string # The wacky dhcp hostname that some ISPs use as a password of sorts. #d-i netcfg/dhcp_hostname string radish # If non-free firmware is needed for the network or other hardware, you can # configure the installer to always try to load it, without prompting. Or # change to false to disable asking. #d-i hw-detect/load_firmware boolean true
请注意，如果 netcfg/get_netmask 没有预置，netcfg 将自动侦测掩码。这种情况下，为了自动安装，变量需要标记为 seen 。同样，如果 netcfg/get_gateway 没有设置，netcfg 将自动选择一个合适的地址。特殊情况下，您可以设置 netcfg/get_gateway 为 “none” 确定不使用网关。
# Use the following settings if you wish to make use of the network-console # component for remote installation over SSH. This only makes sense if you # intend to perform the remainder of the installation manually. #d-i anna/choose_modules string network-console #d-i network-console/password password r00tme #d-i network-console/password-again password r00tme
根据您使用的安装方式，镜像可用于下载安装程序的额外组件、安装基本系统以及为所安装的系统建立 /etc/apt/sources.list。
参数 mirror/suite 决定了安装好的系统使用的套件。
参数 mirror/udeb/suite 决定安装程序使用的额外组件的套件。它只在组件通过网络下载并与安装时使用的 initrd 建立套件相匹配时才有效。通常安装程序会自动安装并使用正确的值而毋需手动设置。
# If you select ftp, the mirror/country string does not need to be set. #d-i mirror/protocol string ftp d-i mirror/country string manual d-i mirror/http/hostname string http.us.debian.org d-i mirror/http/directory string /debian d-i mirror/http/proxy string # Suite to install. #d-i mirror/suite string testing # Suite to use for loading installer components (optional). #d-i mirror/udeb/suite string testing
# Controls whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC. d-i clock-setup/utc boolean true # You may set this to any valid setting for $TZ; see the contents of # /usr/share/zoneinfo/ for valid values. d-i time/zone string US/Eastern # Controls whether to use NTP to set the clock during the install d-i clock-setup/ntp boolean true # NTP server to use. The default is almost always fine here. #d-i clock-setup/ntp-server string ntp.example.com
使用预置进行硬盘分区受限于 partman-auto 提供的支持。您可以选择使用磁盘上已有的空闲分区或者整个磁盘。磁盘的布局将取决于所使用的预定义方案，用户自定义的方案文件或预置文件包含的方案。
已经支持包括 RAID、LVM 和加密高级分区设置的预置，但对于非预置安装的分区仍然弹性不足。
下面的例子仅提供了使用方案的最基本信息。详细的内容清参考文件 partman-auto-recipe.txt 和 partman-auto-raid-recipe.txt，它们包含在 debian-installer 软件包内。这两个文件也可以从 debian-installer source repository 获取。注意不同发布版支持的功能会有所改变。
磁盘的标识基于对应驱动加载的次序。如果系统里面有多个磁盘，要确定预置使用了正确的那一个。
# If the system has free space you can choose to only partition that space.
# This is only honoured if partman-auto/method (below) is not set.
#d-i partman-auto/init_automatically_partition select biggest_free
# Alternatively, you may specify a disk to partition. If the system has only
# one disk the installer will default to using that, but otherwise the device
# name must be given in traditional, non-devfs format (so e.g. /dev/hda or
# /dev/sda, and not e.g. /dev/discs/disc0/disc).
# For example, to use the first SCSI/SATA hard disk:
#d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/sda
# In addition, you'll need to specify the method to use.
# The presently available methods are:
# - regular: use the usual partition types for your architecture
# - lvm: use LVM to partition the disk
# - crypto: use LVM within an encrypted partition
d-i partman-auto/method string lvm
# If one of the disks that are going to be automatically partitioned
# contains an old LVM configuration, the user will normally receive a
# warning. This can be preseeded away...
d-i partman-lvm/device_remove_lvm boolean true
# The same applies to pre-existing software RAID array:
d-i partman-md/device_remove_md boolean true
# And the same goes for the confirmation to write the lvm partitions.
d-i partman-lvm/confirm boolean true
# You can choose one of the three predefined partitioning recipes:
# - atomic: all files in one partition
# - home: separate /home partition
# - multi: separate /home, /usr, /var, and /tmp partitions
d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe select atomic
# Or provide a recipe of your own...
# If you have a way to get a recipe file into the d-i environment, you can
# just point at it.
#d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe_file string /hd-media/recipe
# If not, you can put an entire recipe into the preconfiguration file in one
# (logical) line. This example creates a small /boot partition, suitable
# swap, and uses the rest of the space for the root partition:
#d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe string \
# boot-root :: \
# 40 50 100 ext3 \
# $primary{ } $bootable{ } \
# method{ format } format{ } \
# use_filesystem{ } filesystem{ ext3 } \
# mountpoint{ /boot } \
# . \
# 500 10000 1000000000 ext3 \
# method{ format } format{ } \
# use_filesystem{ } filesystem{ ext3 } \
# mountpoint{ / } \
# . \
# 64 512 300% linux-swap \
# method{ swap } format{ } \
# .
# The full recipe format is documented in the file partman-auto-recipe.txt
# included in the 'debian-installer' package or available from D-I source
# repository. This also documents how to specify settings such as file
# system labels, volume group names and which physical devices to include
# in a volume group.
# This makes partman automatically partition without confirmation, provided
# that you told it what to do using one of the methods above.
d-i partman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_label boolean true
d-i partman/choose_partition select finish
d-i partman/confirm boolean true
d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true
您可以使用预置来建立软 RAID 阵列。支持 RAID 等级 0、1、5、6 和 10，建立降级阵列(degraded arrays)和指定额外设备。如果使用了 RAID 1，您可以预置 grub 来安装阵列中的所有设备；参见 第 B.4.11 节 “安装 bootloader”。
这种自动分区方式很容易出错。debian-installer 开发人员对它的功能只进行了相对较少的测试。让各种方案都正确(有意义而不冲突)的责任在于用户。如果您遇到问题，检查一下 /var/log/syslog。
# The method should be set to "raid".
#d-i partman-auto/method string raid
# Specify the disks to be partitioned. They will all get the same layout,
# so this will only work if the disks are the same size.
#d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/sda /dev/sdb
# Next you need to specify the physical partitions that will be used.
#d-i partman-auto/expert_recipe string \
# multiraid :: \
# 1000 5000 4000 raid \
# $primary{ } method{ raid } \
# . \
# 64 512 300% raid \
# method{ raid } \
# . \
# 500 10000 1000000000 raid \
# method{ raid } \
# .
# Last you need to specify how the previously defined partitions will be
# used in the RAID setup. Remember to use the correct partition numbers
# for logical partitions. RAID levels 0, 1, 5, 6 and 10 are supported;
# devices are separated using "#".
# Parameters are:
# <raidtype> <devcount> <sparecount> <fstype> <mountpoint> \
# <devices> <sparedevices>
#d-i partman-auto-raid/recipe string \
# 1 2 0 ext3 / \
# /dev/sda1#/dev/sdb1 \
# . \
# 1 2 0 swap - \
# /dev/sda5#/dev/sdb5 \
# . \
# 0 2 0 ext3 /home \
# /dev/sda6#/dev/sdb6 \
# .
# For additional information see the file partman-auto-raid-recipe.txt
# included in the 'debian-installer' package or available from D-I source
# repository.
# This makes partman automatically partition without confirmation.
d-i partman-md/confirm boolean true
d-i partman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_label boolean true
d-i partman/choose_partition select finish
d-i partman/confirm boolean true
d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true
文件系统一般使用 UUID 作为关键字挂载; 这使得在设备名变更的情况下仍然可以正常挂载。UUID 本身很长不容易阅读，因此，安装程序也可以依照您的意愿使用传统设备名或者指定标签(label)挂载文件系统。假如安装程序使用标签方式，那些没有标签的文件系统仍然使用 UUID 方式挂载。
具有固定名称的设备，比如 LVM 逻辑卷，将继续使用它们自己的名字而不是 UUID 方式挂载。
传统设备名会根据内核在引导时发现的次序进行调整，这将导致挂载错误的文件系统。与此类似，假如您插入一个新磁盘或 USB 设备，标签也可能有冲突发生。这样系统启动后会出现一些随机的情况。
# The default is to mount by UUID, but you can also choose "traditional" to # use traditional device names, or "label" to try filesystem labels before # falling back to UUIDs. #d-i partman/mount_style select uuid
本阶段的安装并没有多少东西需要预置。仅有一个与内核安装相关的问题。
# Configure APT to not install recommended packages by default. Use of this # option can result in an incomplete system and should only be used by very # experienced users. #d-i base-installer/install-recommends boolean false # Select the initramfs generator used to generate the initrd for 2.6 kernels. #d-i base-installer/kernel/linux/initramfs-generators string yaird # The kernel image (meta) package to be installed; "none" can be used if no # kernel is to be installed. #d-i base-installer/kernel/image string linux-image-2.6-486
root 帐号的密码和第一个普通用户的名字和密码都可以预置。您可以给密码使用纯文本或 MD5 哈希 值。
要知道预置密码并不安全，每个可以访问预置文件的用户都可以看到这些密码。使用 MD5 哈希值相对安全一些，但也会造成安全的假象，MD5 哈希值也可以被暴力破解。
# Skip creation of a root account (normal user account will be able to # use sudo). #d-i passwd/root-login boolean false # Alternatively, to skip creation of a normal user account. #d-i passwd/make-user boolean false # Root password, either in clear text #d-i passwd/root-password password r00tme #d-i passwd/root-password-again password r00tme # or encrypted using an MD5 hash. #d-i passwd/root-password-crypted password [MD5 hash] # To create a normal user account. #d-i passwd/user-fullname string Debian User #d-i passwd/username string debian # Normal user's password, either in clear text #d-i passwd/user-password password insecure #d-i passwd/user-password-again password insecure # or encrypted using an MD5 hash. #d-i passwd/user-password-crypted password [MD5 hash] # Create the first user with the specified UID instead of the default. #d-i passwd/user-uid string 1010 # The user account will be added to some standard initial groups. To # override that, use this. #d-i passwd/user-default-groups string audio cdrom video
passwd/root-password-crypted 和 passwd/user-password-crypted 值可以使用 “!” 作为他们的预置值。这种情况下，对应的帐号关闭。它常用于 root 帐号，用其他替代方法允许管理或 root 登录(例如使用 SSH key 认证或 sudo)。
下面的命令可用于生成密码的 MD5 值。
$ printf "r00tme" | mkpasswd -s -m md5
设置 /etc/apt/sources.list 和其他的基本配置选项，将自动地基于您使用的安装方式以及前面问题的回答。您也可以选择性地安装其他(或本地)的仓库。
# You can choose to install non-free and contrib software. #d-i apt-setup/non-free boolean true #d-i apt-setup/contrib boolean true # Uncomment this if you don't want to use a network mirror. #d-i apt-setup/use_mirror boolean false # Select which update services to use; define the mirrors to be used. # Values shown below are the normal defaults. #d-i apt-setup/services-select multiselect security, volatile #d-i apt-setup/security_host string security.debian.org #d-i apt-setup/volatile_host string volatile.debian.org # Additional repositories, local[0-9] available #d-i apt-setup/local0/repository string \ # http://local.server/debian stable main #d-i apt-setup/local0/comment string local server # Enable deb-src lines #d-i apt-setup/local0/source boolean true # URL to the public key of the local repository; you must provide a key or # apt will complain about the unauthenticated repository and so the # sources.list line will be left commented out #d-i apt-setup/local0/key string http://local.server/key # By default the installer requires that repositories be authenticated # using a known gpg key. This setting can be used to disable that # authentication. Warning: Insecure, not recommended. #d-i debian-installer/allow_unauthenticated boolean true
您可以选择安装存在的任务的组合。本文编撰时已有的任务包括：
standard
desktop
gnome-desktop
kde-desktop
web-server
print-server
dns-server
file-server
mail-server
sql-database
laptop
您可以不选任务，并用其他方法安装一系列软件包。我们推荐选上 standard 任务。
如果您打算安装一些安装任务之外的独立软件包，可以使用参数 pkgsel/include。该参数的值可以是用逗号或空格分开的软件包列表，便于在内核命令行上使用。
#tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard, web-server # If the desktop task is selected, install the kde and xfce desktops # instead of the default gnome desktop. #tasksel tasksel/desktop multiselect kde, xfce # Individual additional packages to install #d-i pkgsel/include string openssh-server build-essential # Whether to upgrade packages after debootstrap. # Allowed values: none, safe-upgrade, full-upgrade #d-i pkgsel/upgrade select none # Some versions of the installer can report back on what software you have # installed, and what software you use. The default is not to report back, # but sending reports helps the project determine what software is most # popular and include it on CDs. #popularity-contest popularity-contest/participate boolean false
# Grub is the default boot loader (for x86). If you want lilo installed # instead, uncomment this: #d-i grub-installer/skip boolean true # To also skip installing lilo, and install no bootloader, uncomment this # too: #d-i lilo-installer/skip boolean true # With a few exceptions for unusual partitioning setups, GRUB 2 is now the # default. If you need GRUB Legacy for some particular reason, then # uncomment this: #d-i grub-installer/grub2_instead_of_grub_legacy boolean false # This is fairly safe to set, it makes grub install automatically to the MBR # if no other operating system is detected on the machine. d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean true # This one makes grub-installer install to the MBR if it also finds some other # OS, which is less safe as it might not be able to boot that other OS. d-i grub-installer/with_other_os boolean true # Alternatively, if you want to install to a location other than the mbr, # uncomment and edit these lines: #d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean false #d-i grub-installer/with_other_os boolean false #d-i grub-installer/bootdev string (hd0,0) # To install grub to multiple disks: #d-i grub-installer/bootdev string (hd0,0) (hd1,0) (hd2,0) # Optional password for grub, either in clear text #d-i grub-installer/password password r00tme #d-i grub-installer/password-again password r00tme # or encrypted using an MD5 hash, see grub-md5-crypt(8). #d-i grub-installer/password-crypted password [MD5 hash] # Use the following option to add additional boot parameters for the # installed system (if supported by the bootloader installer). # Note: options passed to the installer will be added automatically. #d-i debian-installer/add-kernel-opts string nousb
grub 使用的密码 MD5 值可以使用 grub-md5-crypt 生成，或者使用 第 B.4.8 节 “帐号设置” 例子中的命令。
# During installations from serial console, the regular virtual consoles # (VT1-VT6) are normally disabled in /etc/inittab. Uncomment the next # line to prevent this. #d-i finish-install/keep-consoles boolean true # Avoid that last message about the install being complete. d-i finish-install/reboot_in_progress note # This will prevent the installer from ejecting the CD during the reboot, # which is useful in some situations. #d-i cdrom-detect/eject boolean false # This is how to make the installer shutdown when finished, but not # reboot into the installed system. #d-i debian-installer/exit/halt boolean true # This will power off the machine instead of just halting it. #d-i debian-installer/exit/poweroff boolean true
# Depending on what software you choose to install, or if things go wrong # during the installation process, it's possible that other questions may # be asked. You can preseed those too, of course. To get a list of every # possible question that could be asked during an install, do an # installation, and then run these commands: # debconf-get-selections --installer > file # debconf-get-selections > > file