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TWM(1) manual page
Table of Contents
twm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System
twm [ -display dpy ] [ -s ] [ -f initfile ] [ -v ]
Twm is
a window manager for the X Window System. It provides titlebars, shaped
windows, several forms of icon management, user-defined macro functions,
click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified key and
pointer button bindings.
This program is usually started by the user's session
manager or startup script. When used from xdm(1)
or xinit(1)
without a
session manager, twm is frequently executed in the foreground as the last
client. When run this way, exiting twm causes the session to be terminated
(i.e., logged out).
By default, application windows are surrounded by a ``frame''
with a titlebar at the top and a special border around the window. The
titlebar contains the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the window
is receiving keyboard input, and function boxes known as ``titlebuttons'' at
the left and right edges of the titlebar.
Pressing pointer Button1 (usually
the left-most button unless it has been changed with xmodmap) on a titlebutton
will invoke the function associated with the button. In the default interface,
windows are iconified by clicking (pressing and then immediately releasing)
the left titlebutton (which looks like a Dot). Conversely, windows are
deiconified by clicking in the associated icon or entry in the icon manager
(see description of the variable ShowIconManager and of the function f.showiconmgr).
Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which resembles
a group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge that is to be
moved, and releasing the pointer when the outline of the window is the
desired size. Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the title or
highlight region, dragging a window outline to the new location, and then
releasing when the outline is in the desired position. Just clicking in
the title or highlight region raises the window without moving it.
When
new windows are created, twm will honor any size and location information
requested by the user (usually through -geometry command line argument or
resources for the individual applications). Otherwise, an outline of the
window's default size, its titlebar, and lines dividing the window into
a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are displayed. Clicking pointer Button1
will position the window at the current position and give it the default
size. Pressing pointer Button2 (usually the middle pointer button) and
dragging the outline will give the window its current position but allow
the sides to be resized as described above. Clicking pointer Button3 (usually
the right pointer button) will give the window its current position but
attempt to make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen.
Twm
accepts the following command line options:
- -display dpy
- This option specifies
the X server to use.
- -s
- This option indicates that only the default screen
(as specified by -display or by the DISPLAY environment variable) should
be managed. By default, twm will attempt to manage all screens on the display.
- -f filename
- This option specifies the name of the startup file to use. By
default, twm will look in the user's home directory for files named .twmrc.num
(where num is a screen number) or .twmrc.
- -v
- This option indicates that twm
should print error messages whenever an unexpected X Error event is received.
This can be useful when debugging applications but can be distracting
in regular use.
Much of twm's appearance and behavior can be
controlled by providing a startup file in one of the following locations
(searched in order for each screen being managed when twm begins):
- $HOME/.twmrc.screennumber
- The screennumber is a small positive number (e.g. 0, 1, etc.) representing
the screen number (e.g. the last number in the DISPLAY environment variable
host:displaynum.screennum) that would be used to contact that screen of
the display. This is intended for displays with multiple screens of differing
visual types.
- $HOME/.twmrc
- This is the usual name for an individual user's
startup file.
- <XRoot>/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc
- If neither of the preceding
files are found, twm will look in this file for a default configuration.
This is often tailored by the site administrator to provide convenient
menus or familiar bindings for novice users. <XRoot> refers to the root of
the X11 install tree.
If no startup files are found, twm will use the built-in
defaults described above. The only resource used by twm is bitmapFilePath
for a colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for bitmap
files (for more information, see the Athena Widgets manual and xrdb(1)
).
Twm startup files are logically broken up into three types of specifications:
Variables, Bindings, Menus. The Variables section must come first and
is used to describe the fonts, colors, cursors, border widths, icon and
window placement, highlighting, autoraising, layout of titles, warping,
use of the icon manager. The Bindings section usually comes second and is
used to specify the functions that should be to be invoked when keyboard
and pointer buttons are pressed in windows, icons, titles, and frames.
The Menus section gives any user-defined menus (containing functions to
be invoked or commands to be executed).
Variable names and keywords are
case-insensitive. Strings must be surrounded by double quote characters
(e.g. "blue") and are case-sensitive. A pound sign (#) outside of a string
causes the remainder of the line in which the character appears to be treated
as a comment.
Many of the aspects of twm's user interface are controlled
by variables that may be set in the user's startup file. Some of the options
are enabled or disabled simply by the presence of a particular keyword.
Other options require keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these.
Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by whitespace
or a newline. For example:
AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }
or
AutoRaise
{
"emacs"
"XTerm"
"Xmh"
}
When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is
searched (e.g. to determine whether or not to enable autoraise as shown
above), a string must be an exact, case-sensitive match to the window's name
(given by the WM_NAME window property), resource name or class name (both
given by the WM_CLASS window property). The preceding example would enable
autoraise on windows named ``emacs'' as well as any xterm (since they are of
class ``XTerm'') or xmh windows (which are of class ``Xmh'').
String arguments
that are interpreted as filenames (see the Pixmaps, Cursors, and IconDirectory
below) will prepend the user's directory (specified by the HOME environment
variable) if the first character is a tilde (~). If, instead, the first
character is a colon (:), the name is assumed to refer to one of the internal
bitmaps that are used to create the default titlebars symbols: :xlogo
or :delete (both refer to the X logo), :dot or :iconify (both refer to
the dot), :resize (the nested squares used by the resize button), :menu
(a page with lines), and :question (the question mark used for non-existent
bitmap files).
The following variables may be specified at the top of a
twm startup file. Lists of Window name prefix strings are indicated by
win-list. Optional arguments are shown in square brackets:
- AutoRaise { win-list
}
- This variable specifies a list of windows that should automatically be
raised whenever the pointer enters the window. This action can be interactively
enabled or disabled on individual windows using the function f.autoraise.
- AutoRelativeResize
- This variable indicates that dragging out a window size
(either when initially sizing the window with pointer Button2 or when resizing
it) should not wait until the pointer has crossed the window edges. Instead,
moving the pointer automatically causes the nearest edge or edges to move
by the same amount. This allows the resizing of windows that extend off
the edge of the screen. If the pointer is in the center of the window,
or if the resize is begun by pressing a titlebutton, twm will still wait
for the pointer to cross a window edge (to prevent accidents). This option
is particularly useful for people who like the press-drag-release method
of sweeping out window sizes.
- BorderColor string [{ wincolorlist }]
- This
variable specifies the default color of the border to be placed around
all non-iconified windows, and may only be given within a Color, Grayscale
or Monochrome list. The optional wincolorlist specifies a list of window
and color name pairs for specifying particular border colors for different
types of windows. For example:
BorderColor "gray50"
{
"XTerm" "red"
"xmh" "green"
}
The default is "black".
- BorderTileBackground string [{ wincolorlist }]
- This
variable specifies the default background color in the gray pattern used
in unhighlighted borders (only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may
only be given within a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional
wincolorlist allows per-window colors to be specified. The default is "white".
- BorderTileForeground string [{ wincolorlist }]
- This variable specifies the
default foreground color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders
(only if NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a Color,
Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional wincolorlist allows per-window
colors to be specified. The default is "black".
- BorderWidth pixels
- This variable
specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding all client window
frames if ClientBorderWidth has not been specified. This value is also used
to set the border size of windows created by twm (such as the icon manager).
The default is 2.
- ButtonIndent pixels
- This variable specifies the amount
by which titlebuttons should be indented on all sides. Positive values
cause the buttons to be smaller than the window text and highlight area
so that they stand out. Setting this and the TitleButtonBorderWidth variables
to 0 makes titlebuttons be as tall and wide as possible. The default is
1.
- ClientBorderWidth
- This variable indicates that border width of a window's
frame should be set to the initial border width of the window, rather than
to the value of BorderWidth.
- Color { colors-list }
- This variable specifies
a list of color assignments to be made if the default display is capable
of displaying more than simple black and white. The colors-list is made
up of the following color variables and their values: DefaultBackground,
DefaultForeground, MenuBackground, MenuForeground, MenuTitleBackground,
MenuTitleForeground, MenuShadowColor, PointerForeground, and PointerBackground.
The following color variables may also be given a list of window and color
name pairs to allow per-window colors to be specified (see BorderColor for
details): BorderColor, IconManagerHighlight, BorderTitleBackground, BorderTitleForeground,
TitleBackground, TitleForeground, IconBackground, IconForeground, IconBorderColor,
IconManagerBackground, and IconManagerForeground. For example:
Color
{
MenuBackground "gray50"
MenuForeground "blue"
BorderColor "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
TitleForeground "yellow"
TitleBackground "blue"
}
All of these color variables may also be specified for the Monochrome
variable, allowing the same initialization file to be used on both color
and monochrome displays.
- ConstrainedMoveTime milliseconds
- This variable specifies
the length of time between button clicks needed to begin a constrained
move operation. Double clicking within this amount of time when invoking
f.move will cause the window to be moved only in a horizontal or vertical
direction. Setting this value to 0 will disable constrained moves. The
default is 400 milliseconds.
- Cursors { cursor-list }
- This variable specifies
the glyphs that twm should use for various pointer cursors. Each cursor
may be defined either from the cursor font or from two bitmap files. Shapes
from the cursor font may be specified directly as:
cursorname "string"
where cursorname is one of the cursor names listed below, and string
is the name of a glyph as found in the file <XRoot>/include/X11/cursorfont.h
(without the ``XC_'' prefix). If the cursor is to be defined from bitmap files,
the following syntax is used instead:
cursorname "image" "mask"
The image and mask strings specify the names of files containing the
glyph image and mask in bitmap(1)
form. The bitmap files are located in
the same manner as icon bitmap files. The following example shows the default
cursor definitions:
Cursors
{
Frame "top_left_arrow"
Title "top_left_arrow"
Icon "top_left_arrow"
IconMgr "top_left_arrow"
Move "fleur"
Resize "fleur"
Menu "sb_left_arrow"
Button "hand2"
Wait "watch"
Select "dot"
Destroy "pirate"
}
- DecorateTransients
- This variable indicates that transient windows (those
containing a WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property) should have titlebars. By default,
transients are not reparented.
- DefaultBackground string
- This variable specifies
the background color to be used for sizing and information windows. The
default is "white".
- DefaultForeground string
- This variable specifies the
foreground color to be used for sizing and information windows. The default
is "black".
- DontIconifyByUnmapping { win-list }
- This variable specifies a
list of windows that should not be iconified by simply unmapping the window
(as would be the case if IconifyByUnmapping had been set). This is frequently
used to force some windows to be treated as icons while other windows are
handled by the icon manager.
- DontMoveOff
- This variable indicates that windows
should not be allowed to be moved off the screen. It can be overridden
by the f.forcemove function.
- DontSqueezeTitle [{ win-list }]
- This variable
indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed to their minimum size
as described under SqueezeTitle below. If the optional window list is supplied,
only those windows will be prevented from being squeezed.
- ForceIcons
- This
variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the Icons variable should
override any client-supplied pixmaps.
- FramePadding pixels
- This variable specifies
the distance between the titlebar decorations (the button and text) and
the window frame. The default is 2 pixels.
- Grayscale { colors }
- This variable
specifies a list of color assignments that should be made if the screen
has a GrayScale default visual. See the description of Colors.
- IconBackground
string [{ win-list }]
- This variable specifies the background color of icons,
and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list.
The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window
colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description
of the win-list. The default is "white".
- IconBorderColor string [{ win-list
}]
- This variable specifies the color of the border used for icon windows,
and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list.
The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window
colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description
of the win-list. The default is "black".
- IconBorderWidth pixels
- This variable
specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding icon windows. The
default is 2.
- IconDirectory string
- This variable specifies the directory
that should be searched if if a bitmap file cannot be found in any of
the directories in the bitmapFilePath resource.
- IconFont string
- This variable
specifies the font to be used to display icon names within icons. The default
is "variable".
- IconForeground string [{ win-list }]
- This variable specifies
the foreground color to be used when displaying icons, and may only be
specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may
be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete description of
the win-list. The default is "black".
- IconifyByUnmapping [{ win-list }]
- This
variable indicates that windows should be iconified by being unmapped without
trying to map any icons. This assumes that the user will remap the window
through the icon manager, the f.warpto function, or the TwmWindows menu.
If the optional win-list is provided, only those windows will be iconified
by simply unmapping. Windows that have both this and the IconManagerDontShow
options set may not be accessible if no binding to the TwmWindows menu
is set in the user's startup file.
- IconManagerBackground string [{ win-list
}]
- This variable specifies the background color to use for icon manager
entries, and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome
list. The optional win-list is a list of window names and colors so that
per-window colors may be specified. See the BorderColor variable for a complete
description of the win-list. The default is "white".
- IconManagerDontShow [{
win-list }]
- This variable indicates that the icon manager should not display
any windows. If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will
not be displayed. This variable is used to prevent windows that are rarely
iconified (such as xclock or xload) from taking up space in the icon manager.
- IconManagerFont string
- This variable specifies the font to be used when
displaying icon manager entries. The default is "variable".
- IconManagerForeground
string [{ win-list }]
- This variable specifies the foreground color to be
used when displaying icon manager entries, and may only be specified inside
of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list
of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See
the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list. The
default is "black".
- IconManagerGeometry string [ columns ]
- This variable
specifies the geometry of the icon manager window. The string argument
is standard geometry specification that indicates the initial full size
of the icon manager. The icon manager window is then broken into columns
pieces and scaled according to the number of entries in the icon manager.
Extra entries are wrapped to form additional rows. The default number
of columns is 1.
- IconManagerHighlight string [{ win-list }]
- This variable
specifies the border color to be used when highlighting the icon manager
entry that currently has the focus, and can only be specified inside of
a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is a list of
window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified. See
the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the win-list. The
default is "black".
- IconManagers { iconmgr-list }
- This variable specifies
a list of icon managers to create. Each item in the iconmgr-list has the
following format:
"winname" ["iconname"] "geometry" columns
where winname is the name of the windows that should be put into this
icon manager, iconname is the name of that icon manager window's icon,
geometry is a standard geometry specification, and columns is the number
of columns in this icon manager as described in IconManagerGeometry. For
example:
IconManagers
{
"XTerm" "=300x5+800+5" 5
"myhost" "=400x5+100+5" 2
}
Clients whose name or class is ``XTerm'' will have an entry created in the
``XTerm'' icon manager. Clients whose name was ``myhost'' would be put into the
``myhost'' icon manager.
- IconManagerShow { win-list }
- This variable specifies
a list of windows that should appear in the icon manager. When used in
conjunction with the IconManagerDontShow variable, only the windows in
this list will be shown in the icon manager.
- IconRegion geomstring vgrav
hgrav gridwidth gridheight
- This variable specifies an area on the root window
in which icons are placed if no specific icon location is provided by the
client. The geomstring is a quoted string containing a standard geometry
specification. If more than one IconRegion lines are given, icons will be
put into the succeeding icon regions when the first is full. The vgrav argument
should be either North or South and control and is used to control whether
icons are first filled in from the top or bottom of the icon region. Similarly,
the hgrav argument should be either East or West and is used to control
whether icons should be filled in from left from the right. Icons are laid
out within the region in a grid with cells gridwidth pixels wide and gridheight
pixels high.
- Icons { win-list }
- This variable specifies a list of window
names and the bitmap filenames that should be used as their icons. For
example:
Icons
{
"XTerm" "xterm.icon"
"xfd" "xfd_icon"
}
Windows that match ``XTerm'' and would not be iconified by unmapping, and
would try to use the icon bitmap in the file ``xterm.icon''. If ForceIcons
is specified, this bitmap will be used even if the client has requested
its own icon pixmap.
- InterpolateMenuColors
- This variable indicates that menu
entry colors should be interpolated between entry specified colors. In
the example below:
Menu "mymenu"
{
"Title" ("black":"red") f.title
"entry1" f.nop
"entry2" f.nop
"entry3" ("white":"green") f.nop
"entry4" f.nop
"entry5" ("red":"white") f.nop
}
the foreground colors for ``entry1'' and ``entry2'' will be interpolated between
black and white, and the background colors between red and green. Similarly,
the foreground for ``entry4'' will be half-way between white and red, and the
background will be half-way between green and white.
- MakeTitle { win-list
}
- This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar should be
placed and is used to request titles on specific windows when NoTitle has
been set.
- MaxWindowSize string
- This variable specifies a geometry in which
the width and height give the maximum size for a given window. This is
typically used to restrict windows to the size of the screen. The default
width is 32767 - screen width. The default height is 32767 - screen height.
- MenuBackground string
- This variable specifies the background color used
for menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list.
The default is "white".
- MenuFont string
- This variable specifies the font
to use when displaying menus. The default is "variable".
- MenuForeground
string
- This variable specifies the foreground color used for menus, and
can only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list.
The default is "black".
- MenuShadowColor string
- This variable specifies the
color of the shadow behind pull-down menus and can only be specified inside
of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The default is "black".
- MenuTitleBackground
string
- This variable specifies the background color for f.title entries in
menus, and can only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome
list. The default is "white".
- MenuTitleForeground string
- This variable specifies
the foreground color for f.title entries in menus and can only be specified
inside of a Color or Monochrome list. The default is "black".
- Monochrome
{ colors }
- This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should
be made if the screen has a depth of 1. See the description of Colors.
- MoveDelta
pixels
- This variable specifies the number of pixels the pointer must move
before the f.move function starts working. Also see the f.deltastop function.
The default is zero pixels.
- NoBackingStore
- This variable indicates that
twm's menus should not request backing store to minimize repainting of menus.
This is typically used with servers that can repaint faster than they
can handle backing store.
- NoCaseSensitive
- This variable indicates that case
should be ignored when sorting icon names in an icon manager. This option
is typically used with applications that capitalize the first letter of
their icon name.
- NoDefaults
- This variable indicates that twm should not supply
the default titlebuttons and bindings. This option should only be used
if the startup file contains a completely new set of bindings and definitions.
- NoGrabServer
- This variable indicates that twm should not grab the server
when popping up menus and moving opaque windows.
- NoHighlight [{ win-list
}]
- This variable indicates that borders should not be highlighted to track
the location of the pointer. If the optional win-list is given, highlighting
will only be disabled for those windows. When the border is highlighted,
it will be drawn in the current BorderColor. When the border is not highlighted,
it will be stippled with a gray pattern using the current BorderTileForeground
and BorderTileBackground colors.
- NoIconManagers
- This variable indicates that
no icon manager should be created.
- NoMenuShadows
- This variable indicates
that menus should not have drop shadows drawn behind them. This is typically
used with slower servers since it speeds up menu drawing at the expense
of making the menu slightly harder to read.
- NoRaiseOnDeiconify
- This variable
indicates that windows that are deiconified should not be raised.
- NoRaiseOnMove
- This
variable indicates that windows should not be raised when moved. This is
typically used to allow windows to slide underneath each other.
- NoRaiseOnResize
- This
variable indicates that windows should not be raised when resized. This
is typically used to allow windows to be resized underneath each other.
- NoRaiseOnWarp
- This variable indicates that windows should not be raised
when the pointer is warped into them with the f.warpto function. If this
option is set, warping to an occluded window may result in the pointer
ending up in the occluding window instead the desired window (which causes
unexpected behavior with f.warpring).
- NoSaveUnders
- This variable indicates
that menus should not request save-unders to minimize window repainting
following menu selection. It is typically used with displays that can repaint
faster than they can handle save-unders.
- NoStackMode [{ win-list }]
- This variable
indicates that client window requests to change stacking order should
be ignored. If the optional win-list is given, only requests on those windows
will be ignored. This is typically used to prevent applications from relentlessly
popping themselves to the front of the window stack.
- NoTitle [{ win-list
}]
- This variable indicates that windows should not have titlebars. If the
optional win-list is given, only those windows will not have titlebars.
MakeTitle may be used with this option to force titlebars to be put on
specific windows.
- NoTitleFocus
- This variable indicates that twm should not
set keyboard input focus to each window as it is entered. Normally, twm
sets the focus so that focus and key events from the titlebar and icon
managers are delivered to the application. If the pointer is moved quickly
and twm is slow to respond, input can be directed to the old window instead
of the new. This option is typically used to prevent this ``input lag'' and
to work around bugs in older applications that have problems with focus
events.
- NoTitleHighlight [{ win-list }]
- This variable indicates that the highlight
area of the titlebar, which is used to indicate the window that currently
has the input focus, should not be displayed. If the optional win-list is
given, only those windows will not have highlight areas. This and the SqueezeTitle
options can be set to substantially reduce the amount of screen space required
by titlebars.
- OpaqueMove
- This variable indicates that the f.move function
should actually move the window instead of just an outline so that the
user can immediately see what the window will look like in the new position.
This option is typically used on fast displays (particularly if NoGrabServer
is set).
- Pixmaps { pixmaps }
- This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that
define the appearance of various images. Each entry is a keyword indicating
the pixmap to set, followed by a string giving the name of the bitmap
file. The following pixmaps may be specified:
Pixmaps
{
TitleHighlight "gray1"
}
The default for TitleHighlight is to use an even stipple pattern.
- Priority
priority
- This variable sets twm's priority. priority should be an unquoted,
signed number (e.g. 999). This variable has an effect only if the server
supports the SYNC extension.
- RandomPlacement
- This variable indicates that
windows with no specified geometry should be placed in a pseudo-random
location instead of having the user drag out an outline.
- ResizeFont string
- This
variable specifies the font to be used for in the dimensions window when
resizing windows. The default is "fixed".
- RestartPreviousState
- This variable
indicates that twm should attempt to use the WM_STATE property on client
windows to tell which windows should be iconified and which should be left
visible. This is typically used to try to regenerate the state that the
screen was in before the previous window manager was shutdown.
- SaveColor
{ colors-list }
- This variable indicates a list of color assignments to be
stored as pixel values in the root window property _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS.
Clients may elect to preserve these values when installing their own colormap.
Note that use of this mechanism is a way an for application to avoid the
"technicolor" problem, whereby useful screen objects such as window borders
and titlebars disappear when a programs custom colors are installed by
the window manager. For example:
SaveColor
{
BorderColor
TitleBackground
TitleForeground
"red"
"green"
"blue"
}
This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for borders and titlebars,
as well as the three color strings, all taken from the default colormap.
- ShowIconManager
- This variable indicates that the icon manager window should
be displayed when twm is started. It can always be brought up using the
f.showiconmgr function.
- SortIconManager
- This variable indicates that entries
in the icon manager should be sorted alphabetically rather than by simply
appending new windows to the end.
- SqueezeTitle [{ squeeze-list }]
- This variable
indicates that twm should attempt to use the SHAPE extension to make titlebars
occupy only as much screen space as they need, rather than extending all
the way across the top of the window. The optional squeeze-list may be used
to control the location of the squeezed titlebar along the top of the window.
It contains entries of the form:
"name" justification num denom
where name is a window name, justification is either left, center, or
right, and num and denom are numbers specifying a ratio giving the relative
position about which the titlebar is justified. The ratio is measured from
left to right if the numerator is positive, and right to left if negative.
A denominator of 0 indicates that the numerator should be measured in
pixels. For convenience, the ratio 0/0 is the same as 1/2 for center and
-1/1 for right. For example:
SqueezeTitle
{
"XTerm" left 0 0
"xterm1" left 1 3
"xterm2" left 2 3
"oclock" center 0 0
"emacs" right 0 0
}
The DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn off squeezing on certain
titles.
- StartIconified [{ win-list }]
- This variable indicates that client
windows should initially be left as icons until explicitly deiconified
by the user. If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will
be started iconic. This is useful for programs that do not support an -iconic
command line option or resource.
- TitleBackground string [{ win-list }]
- This
variable specifies the background color used in titlebars, and may only
be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may
be specified. The default is "white".
- TitleButtonBorderWidth pixels
- This variable
specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding titlebuttons. This
is typically set to 0 to allow titlebuttons to take up as much space as
possible and to not have a border. The default is 1.
- TitleFont string
- This
variable specifies the font to be used for displaying window names in titlebars.
The default is "variable".
- TitleForeground string [{ win-list }]
- This variable
specifies the foreground color used in titlebars, and may only be specified
inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome list. The optional win-list is
a list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
The default is "black".
- TitlePadding pixels
- This variable specifies the distance
between the various buttons, text, and highlight areas in the titlebar.
The default is 8 pixels.
- UnknownIcon string
- This variable specifies the
filename of a bitmap file to be used as the default icon. This bitmap will
be used as the icon of all clients which do not provide an icon bitmap
and are not listed in the Icons list.
- UsePPosition string
- This variable specifies
whether or not twm should honor program-requested locations (given by the
PPosition flag in the WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the absence of a user-specified
position. The argument string may have one of three values: "off" (the
default) indicating that twm should ignore the program-supplied position,
"on" indicating that the position should be used, and "non-zero" indicating
that the position should used if it is other than (0,0). The latter option
is for working around a bug in older toolkits.
- WarpCursor [{ win-list }]
- This
variable indicates that the pointer should be warped into windows when
they are deiconified. If the optional win-list is given, the pointer will
only be warped when those windows are deiconified.
- WindowRing { win-list
}
- This variable specifies a list of windows along which the f.warpring function
cycles.
- WarpUnmapped
- This variable indicates that the f.warpto function should
deiconify any iconified windows it encounters. This is typically used to
make a key binding that will pop a particular window (such as xmh), no
matter where it is. The default is for f.warpto to ignore iconified windows.
- XorValue number
- This variable specifies the value to use when drawing window
outlines for moving and resizing. This should be set to a value that will
result in a variety of of distinguishable colors when exclusive-or'ed with
the contents of the user's typical screen. Setting this variable to 1 often
gives nice results if adjacent colors in the default colormap are distinct.
By default, twm will attempt to cause temporary lines to appear at the
opposite end of the colormap from the graphics.
- Zoom [ count ]
- This variable
indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a window to and from its
iconified state should be displayed whenever a window is iconified or deiconified.
The optional count argument specifies the number of outlines to be drawn.
The default count is 8.
The following variables must be set after the fonts
have been assigned, so it is usually best to put them at the end of the
variables or beginning of the bindings sections:
- DefaultFunction function
- This
variable specifies the function to be executed when a key or button event
is received for which no binding is provided. This is typically bound to
f.nop, f.beep, or a menu containing window operations.
- WindowFunction function
- This
variable specifies the function to execute when a window is selected from
the TwmWindows menu. If this variable is not set, the window will be deiconified
and raised.
After the desired variables have been set, functions
may be attached titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons. Titlebuttons
may be added from the left or right side and appear in the titlebar from
left-to-right according to the order in which they are specified. Key and
pointer button bindings may be given in any order.
Titlebuttons specifications
must include the name of the pixmap to use in the button box and the function
to be invoked when a pointer button is pressed within them:
LeftTitleButton "bitmapname" = function
or
RightTitleButton "bitmapname" = function
The bitmapname may refer to one of the built-in bitmaps (which are scaled
to match TitleFont) by using the appropriate colon-prefixed name described
above.
Key and pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that
must be pressed, over which parts of the screen the pointer must be, and
what function is to be invoked. Keys are given as strings containing the
appropriate keysym name; buttons are given as the keywords Button1-Button5:
"FP1" = modlist : context : function
Button1 = modlist : context : function
The modlist is any combination of the modifier names shift, control,
lock, meta, mod1, mod2, mod3, mod4, or mod5 (which may be abbreviated as
s, c, l, m, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, respectively) separated by a vertical
bar (|). Similarly, the context is any combination of window, title, icon,
root, frame, iconmgr, their first letters (iconmgr abbreviation is m),
or all, separated by a vertical bar. The function is any of the f. keywords
described below. For example, the default startup file contains the following
bindings:
Button1 = : root : f.menu "TwmWindows"
Button1 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-lower"
Button2 = m : window | icon : f.iconify
Button3 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-raise"
Button1 = : title : f.function "move-or-raise"
Button2 = : title : f.raiselower
Button1 = : icon : f.function "move-or-iconify"
Button2 = : icon : f.iconify
Button1 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
Button2 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard
could use the following bindings:
"F1" = : all : f.iconify
"F2" = : all : f.raiselower
"F3" = : all : f.warpring "next"
"F4" = : all : f.warpto "xmh"
"F5" = : all : f.warpto "emacs"
"F6" = : all : f.colormap "next"
"F7" = : all : f.colormap "default"
"F20" = : all : f.warptoscreen "next"
"Left" = m : all : f.backiconmgr
"Right" = m | s : all : f.forwiconmgr
"Up" = m : all : f.upiconmgr
"Down" = m | s : all : f.downiconmgr
Twm provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be conveniently
stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings. Although a small set
of defaults are supplied (unless the NoDefaults is specified), most users
will want to have their most common operations bound to key and button
strokes. To do this, twm associates names with each of the primitives and
provides user-defined functions for building higher level primitives and
menus for interactively selecting among groups of functions.
User-defined
functions contain the name by which they are referenced in calls to f.function
and a list of other functions to execute. For example:
Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
Function "move-or-iconify" { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
Function "restore-colormap" { f.colormap "default" f.lower }
The function name must be used in f.function exactly as it appears in
the function specification.
In the descriptions below, if the function
is said to operate on the selected window, but is invoked from a root menu,
the cursor will be changed to the Select cursor and the next window to
receive a button press will be chosen:
- ! string
- This is an abbreviation
for f.exec string.
- f.autoraise
- This function toggles whether or not the
selected window is raised whenever entered by the pointer. See the description
of the variable AutoRaise.
- f.backiconmgr
- This function warps the pointer to
the previous column in the current icon manager, wrapping back to the
previous row if necessary.
- f.beep
- This function sounds the keyboard bell.
- f.bottomzoom
- This
function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, but resizes the window to
fill only the bottom half of the screen.
- f.circledown
- This function lowers
the top-most window that occludes another window.
- f.circleup
- This function
raises the bottom-most window that is occluded by another window.
- f.colormap
string
- This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS
property on the window) that twm will display when the pointer is in this
window. The argument string may have one of the following values: "next",
"prev", and "default". It should be noted here that in general, the installed
colormap is determined by keyboard focus. A pointer driven keyboard focus
will install a private colormap upon entry of the window owning the colormap.
Using the click to type model, private colormaps will not be installed
until the user presses a mouse button on the target window.
- f.deiconify
- This
function deiconifies the selected window. If the window is not an icon,
this function does nothing.
- f.delete
- This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW
message to the selected window if the client application has requested
it through the WM_PROTOCOLS window property. The application is supposed
to respond to the message by removing the indicated window. If the window
has not requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW messages, the keyboard bell will be
rung indicating that the user should choose an alternative method. Note
this is very different from f.destroy. The intent here is to delete a single
window, not necessarily the entire application.
- f.deltastop
- This function
allows a user-defined function to be aborted if the pointer has been moved
more than MoveDelta pixels. See the example definition given for Function
"move-or-raise" at the beginning of the section.
- f.destroy
- This function instructs
the X server to close the display connection of the client that created
the selected window. This should only be used as a last resort for shutting
down runaway clients. See also f.delete.
- f.downiconmgr
- This function warps
the pointer to the next row in the current icon manger, wrapping to the
beginning of the next column if necessary.
- f.exec string
- This function passes
the argument string to /bin/sh for execution. In multiscreen mode, if string
starts a new X client without giving a display argument, the client will
appear on the screen from which this function was invoked.
- f.focus
- This
function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the selected window,
changing the focus rule from pointer-driven if necessary. If the selected
window already was focused, this function executes an f.unfocus.
- f.forcemove
- This
function is like f.move except that it ignores the DontMoveOff variable.
- f.forwiconmgr
- This function warps the pointer to the next column in the current
icon manager, wrapping to the beginning of the next row if necessary.
- f.fullzoom
- This
function resizes the selected window to the full size of the display or
else restores the original size if the window was already zoomed.
- f.function
string
- This function executes the user-defined function whose name is specified
by the argument string.
- f.hbzoom
- This function is a synonym for f.bottomzoom.
- f.hideiconmgr
- This function unmaps the current icon manager.
- f.horizoom
- This
variable is similar to the f.zoom function except that the selected window
is resized to the full width of the display.
- f.htzoom
- This function is a synonym
for f.topzoom.
- f.hzoom
- This function is a synonym for f.horizoom.
- f.iconify
- This
function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or icon, respectively.
- f.identify
- This function displays a summary of the name and geometry of the
selected window. If the server supports the SYNC extension, the priority
of the client owning the window is also displayed. Clicking the pointer
or pressing a key in the window will dismiss it.
- f.lefticonmgr
- This function
similar to f.backiconmgr except that wrapping does not change rows.
- f.leftzoom
- This
variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom function but causes the selected
window is only resized to the left half of the display.
- f.lower
- This function
lowers the selected window.
- f.menu string
- This function invokes the menu specified
by the argument string. Cascaded menus may be built by nesting calls to
f.menu.
- f.move
- This function drags an outline of the selected window (or the
window itself if the OpaqueMove variable is set) until the invoking pointer
button is released. Double clicking within the number of milliseconds given
by ConstrainedMoveTime warps the pointer to the center of the window and
constrains the move to be either horizontal or vertical depending on which
grid line is crossed. To abort a move, press another button before releasing
the first button.
- f.nexticonmgr
- This function warps the pointer to the next
icon manager containing any windows on the current or any succeeding screen.
- f.nop
- This function does nothing and is typically used with the DefaultFunction
or WindowFunction variables or to introduce blank lines in menus.
- f.previconmgr
- This
function warps the pointer to the previous icon manager containing any
windows on the current or preceding screens.
- f.priority string
- This function
sets the priority of the client owning the selected window to the numeric
value of the argument string, which should be a signed integer in double
quotes (e.g. "999" ). This function has an effect only if the server supports
the SYNC extension.
- f.quit
- This function causes twm to restore the window's
borders and exit. If twm is the first client invoked from xdm, this will
result in a server reset.
- f.raise
- This function raises the selected window.
- f.raiselower
- This function raises the selected window to the top of the stacking
order if it is occluded by any windows, otherwise the window will be lowered.
- f.refresh
- This function causes all windows to be refreshed.
- f.resize
- This function
displays an outline of the selected window. Crossing a border (or setting
AutoRelativeResize) will cause the outline to begin to rubber band until
the invoking button is released. To abort a resize, press another button
before releasing the first button.
- f.restart
This function kills and restarts
twm.
- f.righticonmgr
- This function is similar to f.nexticonmgr except that wrapping
does not change rows.
- f.rightzoom
- This variable is similar to the f.bottomzoom
function except that the selected window is only resized to the right half
of the display.
- f.saveyourself
- This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message
to the selected window if it has requested the message in its WM_PROTOCOLS
window property. Clients that accept this message are supposed to checkpoint
all state associated with the window and update the WM_COMMAND property
as specified in the ICCCM. If the selected window has not selected for
this message, the keyboard bell will be rung.
- f.showiconmgr
- This function
maps the current icon manager.
- f.sorticonmgr
- This function sorts the entries
in the current icon manager alphabetically. See the variable SortIconManager.
- f.title
- This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu
definition. It should not be used in any other context.
- f.topzoom
- This variable
is similar to the f.bottomzoom function except that the selected window
is only resized to the top half of the display.
- f.unfocus
- This function
resets the focus back to pointer-driven. This should be used when a focused
window is no longer desired.
- f.upiconmgr
- This function warps the pointer to
the previous row in the current icon manager, wrapping to the last row
in the same column if necessary.
- f.vlzoom
- This function is a synonym for
f.leftzoom.
- f.vrzoom
- This function is a synonym for f.rightzoom.
- f.warpring string
- This
function warps the pointer to the next or previous window (as indicated
by the argument string, which may be "next" or "prev") specified in the
WindowRing variable.
- f.warpto string
- This function warps the pointer to the
window which has a name or class that matches string. If the window is
iconified, it will be deiconified if the variable WarpUnmapped is set or
else ignored.
- f.warptoiconmgr string
- This function warps the pointer to the
icon manager entry associated with the window containing the pointer in
the icon manager specified by the argument string. If string is empty (i.e.
""), the current icon manager is chosen.
- f.warptoscreen string
- This function
warps the pointer to the screen specified by the argument string. String
may be a number (e.g. "0" or "1"), the word "next" (indicating the current
screen plus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens), the word "back" (indicating
the current screen minus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens), or the
word "prev" (indicating the last screen visited.
- f.winrefresh
- This function
is similar to the f.refresh function except that only the selected window
is refreshed.
- f.zoom
- This function is similar to the f.fullzoom function, except
that the only the height of the selected window is changed.
Functions
may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up (when bound to a
pointer button) or pull-down (when associated with a titlebutton) menus.
Each menu specification contains the name of the menu as it will be referred
to by f.menu, optional default foreground and background colors, the list
of item names and the functions they should invoke, and optional foreground
and background colors for individual items:
Menu "menuname" [ ("deffore":"defback") ]
{
string1 [ ("fore1":"backn")] function1
string2 [ ("fore2":"backn")] function2
.
.
.
stringN [ ("foreN":"backN")] functionN
}
The menuname is case-sensitive. The optional deffore and defback arguments
specify the foreground and background colors used on a color display to
highlight menu entries. The string portion of each menu entry will be the
text which will appear in the menu. The optional fore and back arguments
specify the foreground and background colors of the menu entry when the
pointer is not in the entry. These colors will only be used on a color
display. The default is to use the colors specified by the MenuForeground
and MenuBackground variables. The function portion of the menu entry is
one of the functions, including any user-defined functions, or additional
menus.
There is a special menu named TwmWindows which contains the names
of all of the client and twm-supplied windows. Selecting an entry will cause
the WindowFunction to be executed on that window. If WindowFunction hasn't
been set, the window will be deiconified and raised.
Twm supports several
different ways of manipulating iconified windows. The common pixmap-and-text
style may be laid out by hand or automatically arranged as described by
the IconRegion variable. In addition, a terse grid of icon names, called
an icon manager, provides a more efficient use of screen space as well
as the ability to navigate among windows from the keyboard.
An icon manager
is a window that contains names of selected or all windows currently on
the display. In addition to the window name, a small button using the default
iconify symbol will be displayed to the left of the name when the window
is iconified. By default, clicking on an entry in the icon manager performs
f.iconify. To change the actions taken in the icon manager, use the the
iconmgr context when specifying button and keyboard bindings.
Moving the
pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus to the indicated
window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending synthetic events NoTitleFocus
is set). Using the f.upiconmgr, f.downiconmgr f.lefticonmgr, and f.righticonmgr
functions, the input focus can be changed between windows directly from
the keyboard.
The resource manager should have been used instead of
all of the window lists.
The IconRegion variable should take a list.
Double
clicking very fast to get the constrained move function will sometimes
cause the window to move, even though the pointer is not moved.
If IconifyByUnmapping
is on and windows are listed in IconManagerDontShow but not in DontIconifyByUnmapping,
they may be lost if they are iconified and no bindings to f.menu "TwmWindows"
or f.warpto are setup.
$HOME/.twmrc.<screen number>
$HOME/.twmrc
<XRoot>/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc
- DISPLAY
- This variable is used to determine which X
server to use. It is also set during f.exec so that programs come up on
the proper screen.
- HOME
- This variable is used as the prefix for files that
begin with a tilde and for locating the twm startup file.
X(1)
,
Xserver(1)
, xdm(1)
, xrdb(1)
Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim
Fulton, MIT X Consortium; Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard,
MIT X Consortium; Dave Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, Apple
Computer.
Table of Contents
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- az
- ba
- bar
- bat_smg
- bcl
- be
- be_x_old
- bg
- bh
- bi
- bm
- bn
- bo
- bpy
- br
- bs
- bug
- bxr
- ca
- cbk_zam
- cdo
- ce
- ceb
- ch
- cho
- chr
- chy
- co
- cr
- crh
- cs
- csb
- cu
- cv
- cy
- da
- de
- diq
- dsb
- dv
- dz
- ee
- el
- eml
- en
- eo
- es
- et
- eu
- ext
- fa
- ff
- fi
- fiu_vro
- fj
- fo
- fr
- frp
- fur
- fy
- ga
- gan
- gd
- gl
- glk
- gn
- got
- gu
- gv
- ha
- hak
- haw
- he
- hi
- hif
- ho
- hr
- hsb
- ht
- hu
- hy
- hz
- ia
- id
- ie
- ig
- ii
- ik
- ilo
- io
- is
- it
- iu
- ja
- jbo
- jv
- ka
- kaa
- kab
- kg
- ki
- kj
- kk
- kl
- km
- kn
- ko
- kr
- ks
- ksh
- ku
- kv
- kw
- ky
- la
- lad
- lb
- lbe
- lg
- li
- lij
- lmo
- ln
- lo
- lt
- lv
- map_bms
- mdf
- mg
- mh
- mi
- mk
- ml
- mn
- mo
- mr
- mt
- mus
- my
- myv
- mzn
- na
- nah
- nap
- nds
- nds_nl
- ne
- new
- ng
- nl
- nn
- no
- nov
- nrm
- nv
- ny
- oc
- om
- or
- os
- pa
- pag
- pam
- pap
- pdc
- pi
- pih
- pl
- pms
- ps
- pt
- qu
- quality
- rm
- rmy
- rn
- ro
- roa_rup
- roa_tara
- ru
- rw
- sa
- sah
- sc
- scn
- sco
- sd
- se
- sg
- sh
- si
- simple
- sk
- sl
- sm
- sn
- so
- sr
- srn
- ss
- st
- stq
- su
- sv
- sw
- szl
- ta
- te
- tet
- tg
- th
- ti
- tk
- tl
- tlh
- tn
- to
- tpi
- tr
- ts
- tt
- tum
- tw
- ty
- udm
- ug
- uk
- ur
- uz
- ve
- vec
- vi
- vls
- vo
- wa
- war
- wo
- wuu
- xal
- xh
- yi
- yo
- za
- zea
- zh
- zh_classical
- zh_min_nan
- zh_yue
- zu
-
Static
Wikipedia 2007 (no
images)
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- ab
- af
- ak
- als
- am
- an
- ang
- ar
- arc
- as
- ast
- av
- ay
- az
- ba
- bar
- bat_smg
- bcl
- be
- be_x_old
- bg
- bh
- bi
- bm
- bn
- bo
- bpy
- br
- bs
- bug
- bxr
- ca
- cbk_zam
- cdo
- ce
- ceb
- ch
- cho
- chr
- chy
- co
- cr
- crh
- cs
- csb
- cu
- cv
- cy
- da
- de
- diq
- dsb
- dv
- dz
- ee
- el
- eml
- en
- eo
- es
- et
- eu
- ext
- fa
- ff
- fi
- fiu_vro
- fj
- fo
- fr
- frp
- fur
- fy
- ga
- gan
- gd
- gl
- glk
- gn
- got
- gu
- gv
- ha
- hak
- haw
- he
- hi
- hif
- ho
- hr
- hsb
- ht
- hu
- hy
- hz
- ia
- id
- ie
- ig
- ii
- ik
- ilo
- io
- is
- it
- iu
- ja
- jbo
- jv
- ka
- kaa
- kab
- kg
- ki
- kj
- kk
- kl
- km
- kn
- ko
- kr
- ks
- ksh
- ku
- kv
- kw
- ky
- la
- lad
- lb
- lbe
- lg
- li
- lij
- lmo
- ln
- lo
- lt
- lv
- map_bms
- mdf
- mg
- mh
- mi
- mk
- ml
- mn
- mo
- mr
- mt
- mus
- my
- myv
- mzn
- na
- nah
- nap
- nds
- nds_nl
- ne
- new
- ng
- nl
- nn
- no
- nov
- nrm
- nv
- ny
- oc
- om
- or
- os
- pa
- pag
- pam
- pap
- pdc
- pi
- pih
- pl
- pms
- ps
- pt
- qu
- quality
- rm
- rmy
- rn
- ro
- roa_rup
- roa_tara
- ru
- rw
- sa
- sah
- sc
- scn
- sco
- sd
- se
- sg
- sh
- si
- simple
- sk
- sl
- sm
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