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XSERVER(1) manual page
Table of Contents
Xserver - X Window System display server
X
[option ...]
X is the generic name for the X Window System display
server. It is frequently a link or a copy of the appropriate server binary
for driving the most frequently used server on a given machine.
The X server is usually started from the X Display Manager program
xdm(1)
. This utility is run from the system boot files and takes care of
keeping the server running, prompting for usernames and passwords, and
starting up the user sessions.
Installations that run more than one window
system may need to use the xinit(1)
utility instead of xdm. However, xinit
is to be considered a tool for building startup scripts and is not intended
for use by end users. Site administrators are strongly urged to use xdm,
or build other interfaces for novice users.
The X server may also be started
directly by the user, though this method is usually reserved for testing
and is not recommended for normal operation. On some platforms, the user
must have special permission to start the X server, often because access
to certain devices (e.g. /dev/mouse) is restricted.
When the X server starts
up, it typically takes over the display. If you are running on a workstation
whose console is the display, you may not be able to log into the console
while the server is running.
All of the X servers accept the following
command line options:
- :displaynumber
- the X server runs as the given displaynumber,
which by default is 0. If multiple X servers are to run simultaneously on
a host, each must have a unique display number. See the DISPLAY NAMES section
of the X(1)
manual page to learn how to specify which display number clients
should try to use.
- -a number
- sets pointer acceleration (i.e. the ratio of how
much is reported to how much the user actually moved the pointer).
- -ac
- disables
host-based access control mechanisms. Enables access by any host, and permits
any host to modify the access control list. Use with extreme caution. This
option exists primarily for running test suites remotely.
- -audit level
- Sets
the audit trail level. The default level is 1, meaning only connection
rejections are reported. Level 2 additionally reports all successful connections
and disconnects. Level 4 enables messages from the SECURITY extension,
if present, including generation and revocation of authorizations and violations
of the security policy. Level 0 turns off the audit trail. Audit lines are
sent as standard error output.
- -auth authorization-file
- Specifies a file which
contains a collection of authorization records used to authenticate access.
See also the xdm and Xsecurity manual pages.
- bc
- disables certain kinds
of error checking, for bug compatibility with previous releases (e.g., to
work around bugs in R2 and R3 xterms and toolkits). Deprecated.
- -bs
- disables
backing store support on all screens.
- -c
- turns off key-click.
- c volume
- sets
key-click volume (allowable range: 0-100).
- -cc class
- sets the visual class
for the root window of color screens. The class numbers are as specified
in the X protocol. Not obeyed by all servers.
- -co filename
- sets name of RGB
color database. The default is <XRoot>/lib/X11/rgb, where <XRoot> refers to
the root of the X11 install tree.
- -core
- causes the server to generate a core
dump on fatal errors.
- -dpi resolution
- sets the resolution of the screen,
in dots per inch. To be used when the server cannot determine the screen
size from the hardware.
- -deferglyphs whichfonts
- specifies the types of fonts
for which the server should attempt to use deferred glyph loading. whichfonts
can be all (all fonts), none (no fonts), or 16 (16 bit fonts only).
- -f volume
- sets feep (bell) volume (allowable range: 0-100).
- -fc cursorFont
- sets default
cursor font.
- -fn font
- sets the default font.
- -fp fontPath
- sets the search path
for fonts. This path is a comma separated list of directories which the
X server searches for font databases.
- -help
- prints a usage message.
- -I
- causes
all remaining command line arguments to be ignored.
- -kb
- disables the XKEYBOARD
extension if present.
- -nolisten trans-type
- Disable a transport type. For example,
TCP/IP connections can be disabled with -nolisten tcp
- -noreset
- prevents a
server reset when the last client connection is closed. This overrides
a previous -terminate command line option.
- -p minutes
- sets screen-saver pattern
cycle time in minutes.
- -pn
- permits the server to continue running if it fails
to establish all of its well-known sockets (connection points for clients),
but establishes at least one.
- -r
- turns off auto-repeat.
- r
- turns on auto-repeat.
- -s minutes
- sets screen-saver timeout time in minutes.
- -su
- disables save under
support on all screens.
- -t number
- sets pointer acceleration threshold in
pixels (i.e. after how many pixels pointer acceleration should take effect).
- -terminate
- causes the server to terminate at server reset, instead of continuing
to run. This overrides a previous -noreset command line option.
- -to seconds
- sets default connection timeout in seconds.
- -tst
- disables all testing extensions
(e.g., XTEST, XTrap, XTestExtension1, RECORD).
- ttyxx
- ignored, for servers
started the ancient way (from init).
- v
- sets video-off screen-saver preference.
- -v
- sets video-on screen-saver preference.
- -wm
- forces the default backing-store
of all windows to be WhenMapped. This is a backdoor way of getting backing-store
to apply to all windows. Although all mapped windows will have backing store,
the backing store attribute value reported by the server for a window will
be the last value established by a client. If it has never been set by
a client, the server will report the default value, NotUseful. This behavior
is required by the X protocol, which allows the server to exceed the client's
backing store expectations but does not provide a way to tell the client
that it is doing so.
- -x extension
- loads the specified extension at init. This
is a no-op for most implementations.
- [+-]xinerama
- enable(+) or disable(-) XINERAMA
extension. Default is disabled.
Some X servers accept
the following options:
- -ld kilobytes
- sets the data space limit of the server
to the specified number of kilobytes. A value of zero makes the data size
as large as possible. The default value of -1 leaves the data space limit
unchanged.
- -lf files
- sets the number-of-open-files limit of the server to the
specified number. A value of zero makes the limit as large as possible.
The default value of -1 leaves the limit unchanged.
- -ls kilobytes
- sets the
stack space limit of the server to the specified number of kilobytes. A
value of zero makes the stack size as large as possible. The default value
of -1 leaves the stack space limit unchanged.
- -logo
- turns on the X Window
System logo display in the screen-saver. There is currently no way to change
this from a client.
- nologo
- turns off the X Window System logo display in
the screen-saver. There is currently no way to change this from a client.
X servers that support XDMCP have the following options. See
the X Display Manager Control Protocol specification for more information.
- -query host-name
- Enable XDMCP and send Query packets to the specified host.
- -broadcast
- Enable XDMCP and broadcast BroadcastQuery packets to the network.
The first responding display manager will be chosen for the session.
- -indirect
host-name
- Enable XDMCP and send IndirectQuery packets to the specified host.
- -port port-num
- Use an alternate port number for XDMCP packets. Must be specified
before any -query, -broadcast or -indirect options.
- -once
- Causes the server
to terminate (rather than reset) when the XDMCP session ends.
- -class display-class
- XDMCP has an additional display qualifier used in resource lookup for display-specific
options. This option sets that value, by default it is "MIT-Unspecified"
(not a very useful value).
- -cookie xdm-auth-bits
- When testing XDM-AUTHENTICATION-1,
a private key is shared between the server and the manager. This option
sets the value of that private data (not that it is very private, being
on the command line!).
- -displayID display-id
- Yet another XDMCP specific value,
this one allows the display manager to identify each display so that it
can locate the shared key.
X servers that support the XKEYBOARD
extension accept the following options:
- -xkbdir directory
- base directory
for keyboard layout files
- -xkbmap filename
- keyboard description to load
on startup
- [+-]accessx
- enable(+) or disable(-) AccessX key sequences
- -ar1
milliseconds
- sets the length of time in milliseconds that a key must be
depressed before autorepeat starts
- -ar2 milliseconds
- sets the length of
time in milliseconds that should elapse between autorepeat-generated keystrokes
Many servers also have device-specific command line options. See the manual
pages for the individual servers for more details.
X
servers that support the SECURITY extension accept the following option:
- -sp filename
- causes the server to attempt to read and interpret filename
as a security policy file with the format described below. The file is
read at server startup and reread at each server reset.
The syntax of the
security policy file is as follows. Notation: "*" means zero or more occurrences
of the preceding element, and "+" means one or more occurrences. To interpret
<foo/bar>, ignore the text after the /; it is used to distinguish between
instances of <foo> in the next section.
<policy file> ::= <version line> <other line>*
<version line> ::= <string/v> '\n'
<other line > ::= <comment> | <access rule> | <site policy> | <blank line>
<comment> ::= # <not newline>* '\n'
<blank line> ::= <space> '\n'
<site policy> ::= sitepolicy <string/sp> '\n'
<access rule> ::= property <property/ar> <window> <perms> '\n'
<property> ::= <string>
<window> ::= any | root | <required property>
<required property> ::= <property/rp> | <property with value>
<property with value> ::= <property/rpv> = <string/rv>
<perms> ::= [ <operation> | <action> | <space> ]*
<operation> ::= r | w | d
<action> ::= a | i | e
<string> ::= <dbl quoted string> | <single quoted string> | <unqouted string>
<dbl quoted string> ::= <space> " <not dqoute>* " <space>
<single quoted string> ::= <space> ' <not squote>* ' <space>
<unquoted string> ::= <space> <not space>+ <space>
<space> ::= [ ' ' | '\t' ]*
Character sets:
<not newline> ::= any character except '\n'
<not dqoute> ::= any character except "
<not squote> ::= any character except '
<not space> ::= any character except those in <space>
The semantics associated with the above syntax are as follows.
<version line>,
the first line in the file, specifies the file format version. If the server
does not recognize the version <string/v>, it ignores the rest of the file.
The version string for the file format described here is "version-1" .
Once
past the <version line>, lines that do not match the above syntax are ignored.
<comment> lines are ignored.
<sitepolicy> lines are currently ignored. They
are intended to specify the site policies used by the XC-QUERY-SECURITY-1
authorization method.
<access rule> lines specify how the server should react
to untrusted client requests that affect the X Window property named <property/ar>.
The rest of this section describes the interpretation of an <access rule>.
For an <access rule> to apply to a given instance of <property/ar>, <property/ar>
must be on a window that is in the set of windows specified by <window>.
If <window> is any, the rule applies to <property/ar> on any window. If <window>
is root, the rule applies to <property/ar> only on root windows.
If <window>
is <required property>, the following apply. If <required property> is a <property/rp>,
the rule applies when the window also has that <property/rp>, regardless
of its value. If <required property> is a <property with value>, <property/rpv>
must also have the value specified by <string/rv>. In this case, the property
must have type STRING and format 8, and should contain one or more null-terminated
strings. If any of the strings match <string/rv>, the rule applies.
The definition
of string matching is simple case-sensitive string comparison with one elaboration:
the occurence of the character '*' in <string/rv> is a wildcard meaning "any
string." A <string/rv> can contain multiple wildcards anywhere in the string.
For example, "x*" matches strings that begin with x, "*x" matches strings
that end with x, "*x*" matches strings containing x, and "x*y*" matches
strings that start with x and subsequently contain y.
There may be multiple
<access rule> lines for a given <property/ar>. The rules are tested in the order
that they appear in the file. The first rule that applies is used.
<perms>
specify operations that untrusted clients may attempt, and the actions
that the server should take in response to those operations.
<operation> can
be r (read), w (write), or d (delete). The following table shows how X
Protocol property requests map to these operations in The Open Group server
implementation.
GetProperty r, or r and d if delete = True
ChangeProperty w
RotateProperties r and w
DeleteProperty d
ListProperties none, untrusted clients can always list all properties
<action> can be a (allow), i (ignore), or e (error). Allow means execute
the request as if it had been issued by a trusted client. Ignore means treat
the request as a no-op. In the case of GetProperty, ignore means return
an empty property value if the property exists, regardless of its actual
value. Error means do not execute the request and return a BadAtom error
with the atom set to the property name. Error is the default action for
all properties, including those not listed in the security policy file.
An <action> applies to all <operation>s that follow it, until the next <action>
is encountered. Thus, irwad means ignore read and write, allow delete.
GetProperty and RotateProperties may do multiple operations (r and d, or
r and w). If different actions apply to the operations, the most severe
action is applied to the whole request; there is no partial request execution.
The severity ordering is: allow < ignore < error. Thus, if the <perms> for
a property are ired (ignore read, error delete), and an untrusted client
attempts GetProperty on that property with delete = True, an error is returned,
but the property value is not. Similarly, if any of the properties in a
RotateProperties do not allow both read and write, an error is returned
without changing any property values.
Here is an example security policy
file.
version-1
# Allow reading of application resources, but not writing.
property RESOURCE_MANAGER root ar iw
property SCREEN_RESOURCES root ar iw
# Ignore attempts to use cut buffers. Giving errors causes apps to crash,
# and allowing access may give away too much information.
property CUT_BUFFER0 root irw
property CUT_BUFFER1 root irw
property CUT_BUFFER2 root irw
property CUT_BUFFER3 root irw
property CUT_BUFFER4 root irw
property CUT_BUFFER5 root irw
property CUT_BUFFER6 root irw
property CUT_BUFFER7 root irw
# If you are using Motif, you probably want these.
property _MOTIF_DEFAULT_BINDINGS root ar iw
property _MOTIF_DRAG_WINDOW root ar iw
property _MOTIF_DRAG_TARGETS any ar iw
property _MOTIF_DRAG_ATOMS any ar iw
property _MOTIF_DRAG_ATOM_PAIRS any ar iw
# The next two rules let xwininfo -tree work when untrusted.
property WM_NAME any ar
# Allow read of WM_CLASS, but only for windows with WM_NAME.
# This might be more restrictive than necessary, but demonstrates
# the <required property> facility, and is also an attempt to
# say "top level windows only."
property WM_CLASS WM_NAME ar
# These next three let xlsclients work untrusted. Think carefully
# before including these; giving away the client machine name and command
# may be exposing too much.
property WM_STATE WM_NAME ar
property WM_CLIENT_MACHINE WM_NAME ar
property WM_COMMAND WM_NAME ar
# To let untrusted clients use the standard colormaps created by
# xstdcmap, include these lines.
property RGB_DEFAULT_MAP root ar
property RGB_BEST_MAP root ar
property RGB_RED_MAP root ar
property RGB_GREEN_MAP root ar
property RGB_BLUE_MAP root ar
property RGB_GRAY_MAP root ar
# To let untrusted clients use the color management database created
# by xcmsdb, include these lines.
property XDCCC_LINEAR_RGB_CORRECTION root ar
property XDCCC_LINEAR_RGB_MATRICES root ar
property XDCCC_GRAY_SCREENWHITEPOINT root ar
property XDCCC_GRAY_CORRECTION root ar
# To let untrusted clients use the overlay visuals that many vendors
# support, include this line.
property SERVER_OVERLAY_VISUALS root ar
# Dumb examples to show other capabilities.
# oddball property names and explicit specification of error conditions
property "property with spaces" 'property with "' aw er ed
# Allow deletion of Woo-Hoo if window also has property OhBoy with value
# ending in "son". Reads and writes will cause an error.
property Woo-Hoo OhBoy = "*son" ad
The X server supports client connections via a platform-dependent
subset of the following transport types: TCP/IP, Unix Domain sockets, DECnet,
and several varieties of SVR4 local connections. See the DISPLAY NAMES
section of the X(1)
manual page to learn how to specify which transport
type clients should try to use.
The X server implements a
platform-dependent subset of the following authorization protocols: MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1,
XDM-AUTHORIZATION-1, SUN-DES-1, and MIT-KERBEROS-5. See the Xsecurity(1)
manual
page for information on the operation of these protocols.
Authorization
data required by the above protocols is passed to the server in a private
file named with the -auth command line option. Each time the server is about
to accept the first connection after a reset (or when the server is starting),
it reads this file. If this file contains any authorization records, the
local host is not automatically allowed access to the server, and only
clients which send one of the authorization records contained in the file
in the connection setup information will be allowed access. See the Xau
manual page for a description of the binary format of this file. See xauth(1)
for maintenance of this file, and distribution of its contents to remote
hosts.
The X server also uses a host-based access control list for deciding
whether or not to accept connections from clients on a particular machine.
If no other authorization mechanism is being used, this list initially
consists of the host on which the server is running as well as any machines
listed in the file /etc/Xn.hosts, where n is the display number of the server.
Each line of the file should contain either an Internet hostname (e.g. expo.lcs.mit.edu)
or a DECnet hostname in double colon format (e.g. hydra::). There should
be no leading or trailing spaces on any lines. For example:
joesworkstation
corporate.company.com
star::
bigcpu::
Users can add or remove hosts from this list and enable or disable access
control using the xhost command from the same machine as the server.
If
the X FireWall Proxy (xfwp) is being used without a sitepolicy, host-based
authorization must be turned on for clients to be able to connect to the
X server via the xfwp. If xfwp is run without a configuration file and
thus no sitepolicy is defined, if xfwp is using an X server where xhost
+ has been run to turn off host-based authorization checks, when a client
tries to connect to this X server via xfwp, the X server will deny the
connection. See xfwp(1)
for more information about this proxy.
The X protocol
intrinsically does not have any notion of window operation permissions
or place any restrictions on what a client can do; if a program can connect
to a display, it has full run of the screen. X servers that support the
SECURITY extension fare better because clients can be designated untrusted
via the authorization they use to connect; see the xauth(1)
manual page
for details. Restrictions are imposed on untrusted clients that curtail
the mischief they can do. See the SECURITY extension specification for
a complete list of these restrictions.
Sites that have better authentication
and authorization systems might wish to make use of the hooks in the libraries
and the server to provide additional security models.
The X server
attaches special meaning to the following signals:
- SIGHUP
- This signal causes
the server to close all existing connections, free all resources, and restore
all defaults. It is sent by the display manager whenever the main user's
main application (usually an xterm or window manager) exits to force the
server to clean up and prepare for the next user.
- SIGTERM
- This signal causes
the server to exit cleanly.
- SIGUSR1
- This signal is used quite differently
from either of the above. When the server starts, it checks to see if it
has inherited SIGUSR1 as SIG_IGN instead of the usual SIG_DFL. In this
case, the server sends a SIGUSR1 to its parent process after it has set
up the various connection schemes. Xdm uses this feature to recognize when
connecting to the server is possible.
The X server can obtain fonts
from directories and/or from font servers. The list of directories and font
servers the X server uses when trying to open a font is controlled by the
font path.
The default font path is "<XRoot>/lib/X11/fonts/misc/, <XRoot>/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo/,
<XRoot>/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/, <XRoot>/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/, <XRoot>/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi/"
. where <XRoot> refers to the root of the X11 install tree.
The font path can
be set with the -fp option or by xset(1)
after the server has started.
- /etc/Xn.hosts
- Initial access control list for display number n
- <XRoot>/lib/X11/fonts/misc,
<XRoot>/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi, <XRoot>/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi
- Bitmap font directories
- <XRoot>/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo, <XRoot>/lib/X11/fonts/Type1
- Outline font directories
- <XRoot>/lib/X11/fonts/PEX
- PEX font directories
- <XRoot>/lib/X11/rgb.txt
- Color
database
- /tmp/.X11-unix/Xn
- Unix domain socket for display number n
- /tmp/rcXn
- Kerberos 5 replay cache for display number n
- /usr/adm/Xnmsgs
- Error log
file for display number n if run from init(8)
- <XRoot>/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-errors
- Default error log file if the server is run from xdm(1)
Note: <XRoot> refers
to the root of the X11 install tree.
General information: X(1)
Protocols:
X Window System Protocol, The X Font Service Protocol, X Display Manager
Control Protocol
Fonts: bdftopcf(1)
, mkfontdir(1)
, xfs(1)
, xlsfonts(1)
,
xfontsel(1)
, xfd(1)
, X Logical Font Description Conventions
Security: Xsecurity(1)
,
xauth(1)
, Xau(1)
, xdm(1)
, xhost(1)
, xfwp(1)
Security Extension Specification
Starting the server: xdm(1)
, xinit(1)
Controlling the server once started:
xset(1)
, xsetroot(1)
, xhost(1)
Server-specific man pages: Xdec(1)
, XmacII(1)
,
Xsun(1)
, Xnest(1)
, Xvfb(1)
, XF86_Accel(1)
, XF86_SVGA(1)
, XFree86(1)
Server
internal documentation: Definition of the Porting Layer for the X v11 Sample
Server
The sample server was originally written by Susan Angebranndt,
Raymond Drewry, Philip Karlton, and Todd Newman, from Digital Equipment
Corporation, with support from a large cast. It has since been extensively
rewritten by Keith Packard and Bob Scheifler, from MIT. Dave Wiggins took
over post-R5 and made substantial improvements.
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- vls
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- xal
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- zu
-
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