    Long stroke fixed or pivot mounted cylinders tend to buckle on push
    loading applications, resulting in high bearing loading at the rod
    gland or the piston. In order to reduce these bearing loads, the use
    of a stop tube to lengthen the distance between the gland and piston
    when cylinder rod is fully extended is highly recommended.

    The program automatically determines the need for the stop tube. If
    the stop tube is required for particular cylinder application its
    length will be shown on Cylinder Data - Page 3 of 5 screen. The
    value of Column Strength is calculated and shown on the same page.
    The program compares values of Column Strength and Extending Force
    (page 2 of 5) and generates warning message if buckling is likely on
    push loading application.

    On Figure graphs represent the column strength of various piston
    rods as a function of Stroke and Axial Thrust and show how buckling
    effects are incorporated into the program.  Coloured bands are valid
    ones for corresponding piston diameters whose sizes are marked with
    the same colour and shown below the diagram.  Please note that not
    all values of piston rod are shown on diagram, some of them are
    removed just for the sake of clarity.

    Axes on the figure are:

         X - Stroke
         Y - Axial Thrust Load

         The Stroke is calculated using the equation:

                      Stroke = AS * SF

         where:
         AS - Actual Stroke (entered in Parameters screen of the
         program)
         SF - Stroke Factor (based on cylinders Mounting Styles)


    Diagram shows how buckling effects are incorporated into main
    program. Painted domains are valid ones for corresponding piston
    diameters whose sizes are marked with the same colour and shown
    below diagram. Of course not all values of piston rod are shown on
    diagram, some of them are removed just for brevity and getting
    visual interpretation in more clear way.

    All data are extracted and combined from world's manufacturers of
    Hydraulic Cylinders (Parker, Rexroth, Vickers & others), as well as
    laboratory data obtained from University of Belgrade, Faculty of
    Mechanical Engineering, Laboratory for Material Resistance and
    Machine Materials during my work in Europe.

    Please return to Main menu (press ESC to get there) choose Item
    No.6 and picture will be shown on your screen.

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