Date: Mon, 1 Nov 93 04:30:47 PST From: Ham-Space Mailing List and Newsgroup <ham-space@ucsd.edu> Errors-To: Ham-Space-Errors@UCSD.Edu Reply-To: Ham-Space@UCSD.Edu Precedence: Bulk Subject: Ham-Space Digest V93 #73 To: Ham-Space Ham-Space Digest Mon, 1 Nov 93 Volume 93 : Issue 73 Today's Topics: * SpaceNews 01-Nov-93 * RS-12/13's other name?? SAREX Keps & Update 10/28 (2 msgs) SAREX Keps & Update 10/30 SAREX Keps/Update 10/30 STS-58 Keps (Orbit 58) Send Replies or notes for publication to: <Ham-Space@UCSD.Edu> Send subscription requests to: <Ham-Space-REQUEST@UCSD.Edu> Problems you can't solve otherwise to brian@ucsd.edu. Archives of past issues of the Ham-Space Digest are available (by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/ham-space". We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official policies or positions of any party. Your mileage may vary. So there. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Fri, 29 Oct 1993 10:33:12 MDT From: elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!usc!math.ohio-state.edu!cyber2.cyberstore.ca!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!alberta!nebulus!ve6mgs!usenet@ames.arpa Subject: * SpaceNews 01-Nov-93 * To: ham-space@ucsd.edu SB NEWS @ AMSAT $SPC1101 * SpaceNews 01-Nov-93 * BID: $SPC1101 ========= SpaceNews ========= MONDAY NOVEMBER 1, 1993 SpaceNews originates at KD2BD in Wall Township, New Jersey, USA. It is published every week and is made available for unlimited distribution. * STS-58 SAREX NEWS * ===================== The latest in a series of Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiments carried onboard Space Shuttle "Columbia" has been a great success. The Shuttle astronauts managed to make scheduled radio contacts with school groups as well as general contacts with amateur radio operators around the world. The following packet beacon was sent by Space Shuttle "Columbia" on 25-Oct-93 at 15:14:03 UTC and received by N2NRD: Thanks for all the great QSO's. KC5AXA, KC5CKM, and I love them. We're half way through the mission, beginning flight day 8 today. We are doing human metabolic and cardiovascular experiments in the lab today. We will also continue with an experiment to quantify the impact human activity in a space ship on the microgravity environment. We have had spectacular views of our beautiful home planet. We hope to bring back a large quantity of pictures. 73 KC5ACR * MIR OPERATING HINTS * ======================= This week: Digipeating through MIR As some have discovered, it is possible to digipeat though the MIR packet station and use it to connect to other packet stations hundreds of miles away. Unfortunately, the data throughput is pitifully small. WF1F in Billerica, Massachusettes ran a test with Joe WA2GSY in New Jersey. Both stations ran 20 foot 2-meter Yagis with an ERP of approximately 1200 watts. Late one weekday evening, both stations were fortunate enough to find the MIR PBBS with no users on frequency. This is an extremely rare condition. Both stations attempted to directly connect to each other using MIR as a digipeater, and were successful. Every line of text that was sent to each other made it through without error. However, because of retries, acknowledgments, and other packet related overhead, the 120 character per second transmissions were reduced to approximately 1 character for every 2.5 seconds. The following short message took 4 minutes and 37 seconds to transfer through Mir, and required over 132 packet transmissions. There were probably many more transmissions, but the equipment was not set up to count any packet collisions at either end. CONNECTED to WA2GSY VIA R2MIR [04/18/93 00:25:00] WA2GSY>:PLEASE CONNECT TO WA2GSY-1 FOR MY PMS WA2GSY>:Hi miles WF1F>:HI JOE GOT YOU WA2GSY>:How are you WA2GSY>:Glad to see you on WA2GSY>:Whats up WA2GSY>:Sure is happy to hear you WF1F>LETS TRY OSCAR 13 OR SSB WA2GSY>:Did you get the equip fixed WA2GSY>:*** DISCONNECTED [04/18/93 00:29:37] Now for the statistics: Packets from WF1F to WA2GSY through MIR: 31 Packets from WA2GSY to WF1F through MIR: 35 Total time 4:37 Total characters sent by WF1F: 39 Total characters sent by WA2GSY: 110 Throughput would further be reduced if there were ground stations trying to connect to the PBBS on MIR while other stations used MIR for digipeating purposes. The bottom line is that digipeating through MIR is NOT recommended while others are actively connected to the MIR PBBS. Even under ideal conditions with high ERP, it is not possible to get much data though MIR acting as a digipeater. Remember, only 1 station can connect to MIR's PBBS at a time. All others must wait. G. Miles Mann WF1F @ K1UGM.MA mann@pictel.com [Story by G. Miles Mann, WF1F] * ITAMSAT-OSCAR-26 NEWS * ========================= Sunday October 24th 1993 marked a very important day for ITAMSAT-OSCAR 26. After 28 days in orbit, IO-26 BBS was up and running, and has been accessed by many amateurs around the world. The initial reports are very encouraging. Even at this low power setting, around 250 mW, the PSK signal is crystal clear and decoding is very easy. LW2DTZ copied the following beacon frames from the satellite: ITMSAT-1>TIME-1 PHT: uptime is 021/04:11:44. Time is Sun Oct 24 13:42:57 1993 ITMSAT-1>AMSAT 24 October 1993 - BBS open to users. Use standard PB and PG software. 73 de ITAMSAT Command Team Activity on the BBS has just started, but we have already received many enthusiatic comments. Ground stations that had accessed the BBS as of 24-Oct-93 included: I0LYL (which we thank for his kind words), I6CGE, IK2OYD, IK2VOO, IW2EGC, IW4ASO, DL1TV, EA2CLS, OE3EV, ON6UG, WB5FCO and ZS6BMN. As always, we are waiting for any report from amateurs around the globe! 73 de ITAMSAT Command Team [Info via Luca Bertagnolio, IK2OVV] * VE3ONT EME OPERATION NEWS * ============================= The Toronto VHF Society plans to continue its EME (Moonbounce) tests using the 46-meter (150') dish at the Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Operation will be as follows: Date VE3ONT Approx. (UTC) TX Freq RX Freq time (UTC) Saturday, Nov. 6 432.050 432.050-060 0405-1645 Sunday, Nov. 7 1296.050 1296.050-060 0515-1715 The dish can be lowered to about 9 degrees elevation. This decreases the operating time by almost an hour at Moon rise and set. It also limits the ability to work local horizon-only stations. Equipment: The 432 MHz setup will be significantly better than October's. The receive problem that gave all signals a 120 Hz buzz has been fixed, and the antenna will have about 1 dB more antenna gain due to a redesigned feed helix. On 1296, VE6ONT will be running about 150 watts output. The feed will be LHCP/RHCP switchable so they ought to be able to work linear and circular polarization stations. VE6ONT anticipates being able to work stations running 50-100 watts to a long yagi on 432 or 1296. OSCAR-class stations are especially encouraged to try. Operating suggestions: Doppler shift will move the apparent VE3ONT frequency a bit. This will make VE3ONT seem to be a little "off frequency," so tune around. Moon echos will seem to be somewhat high (in frequency) at Moonrise and low at Moonset. We will, however, always transmit on .050. Note that VE6ONT will be operating "split" so please spread out. In the October operation, some stations were frustrated due to calling VE6ONT on their own frequency, where they weren't listening. Try to use good split- frequency HF DXing technique: listen for the stations that VE3ONT is calling and transmit near their frequency when VE3ONT stands by. Please avoid duplicate QSOs. The goal is to be "first EME" for as many small stations as possible. "Calling again to say Hi" hurts small stations' chances of making a QSO. VE3ONT will be operating in "contest" mode. They discovered last month that sequenced operation was not fruitful. They will make every effort to work small and horizon-only stations but will not accept skeds. HF Liaison: HF propagation from the park is extremely poor. VE6ONT will try to check in to the 20-meter (14.345) EME Net during the day and the 75- meter VHF nets (3.818 & 3.843) at night. Previous attempts to do so were not successful, so don't expect much on HF. QSL information: QSL to VE3ONT ('93 Callbook address ONLY!) or to Dennis Mungham (VE3ASO), R.R. 3, Mountain, Ontario, Canada K0E 1S0. Color photo QSLs are being prepared. Michael Owen, W9IP MOWE@SLUMUS Fax: (315) 379-5804 Dennis Mungham, VE3ASO [Info via W9IP] * THANKS! * =========== Thanks to all those who sent messages of appreciation regarding SpaceNews, especially: G0JJO IW1CXZ N8OAR * FEEDBACK/INPUT WELCOMED * =========================== Mail to SpaceNews should be directed to the editor (John, KD2BD) via any of the following paths: FAX : 1-908-747-7107 PACKET : KD2BD @ N2KZH.NJ.USA.NA INTERNET : kd2bd@ka2qhd.ocpt.ccur.com -or- kd2bd@amsat.org MAIL : John A. Magliacane, KD2BD Department of Engineering and Technology Advanced Technology Center Brookdale Community College Lincroft, New Jersey 07738 U.S.A. <<=- SpaceNews: The first amateur newsletter read in space! -=>> /EX -- John A. Magliacane, KD2BD * /\/\ * Voice : 1-908-224-2948 Advanced Technology Center |/\/\/\| Packet : KD2BD @ N2KZH.NJ.USA.NA Brookdale Community College |\/\/\/| Internet: kd2bd@ka2qhd.ocpt.ccur.com Lincroft, NJ 07738 * \/\/ * Morse : -.- -.. ..--- -... -.. ------------------------------ Date: 31 Oct 93 22:56:44 From: news.larc.nasa.gov!larry.larc.nasa.gov!partos@ames.arpa Subject: RS-12/13's other name?? To: ham-space@ucsd.edu RS 12/13 is Norad# 21089 and is also known as Cosmos 2123. -- |----------------------------------------------------------------| | Richard D. Partos KE4AZJ Norfolk, VA | | Internet: r.d.partos@larc.nasa.gov | |----------------------------------------------------------------| ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 28 Oct 1993 13:00:00 MDT From: sdd.hp.com!spool.mu.edu!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!cyber2.cyberstore.ca!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!alberta!nebulus!ve6mgs!usenet@network.ucsd.edu Subject: SAREX Keps & Update 10/28 To: ham-space@ucsd.edu SB SAREX @ AMSAT $STS-58.025 SAREX Keps & Update: 10/28 Thursday 10/28/93 @ 08:00 UTC The last school group contact was completed yesterday. The Portsmouth HS in Portsmouth, New Hampshire had a telebridge contact using stations in California (Ralph Warner, N6MNN) and Texas (Bob Douglas, W5GEL). The students asked 5 questions during this bridge contact. Hams across the U.S. and around the world continue to work the Shuttle Columbia on both voice and packet. Moreover, the completion of school group contacts has cleared several school backup passes for possible general QSO opportunities. While the SAREX Working Group cannot fully guarantee availability, there is a high probability that the STS-58 crew will be ready to take general calls over the continental U.S. on these passes. Two of these "scheduled" passes remain. These include orbit 178 at MET 11 days 1 hour 42 minutes (10/29 at 16:35 UTC) and orbit 192 at MET 11 days 22 hours and 29 minutes (10/30 at 13:22 UTC). Please note that the astronauts operated voice during yesterday's "scheduled" pass which occurred on 10/27 at 14:59 UTC (Orbit 145). Also note that hams on the ground heard or worked the Shuttle Columbia crew on several other orbits yesterday. Element set GSFC-031, generated by Ron Parise, WA4SIR, is the official SAREX set for today. Please note that there is only a six second difference between element set GSFC-025 (released two days ago) and element set GSFC- 031. STS-58 1 22869U 93065A 93300.17699070 0.00133671 99048-5 24183-3 0 318 2 22869 39.0252 71.9896 0012817 34.2105 325.9529 16.00500857 1383 Satellite: STS-58 Catalog number: 22869 Epoch time: 93300.17699070 (27 OCT 93 04:14:51.** UTC) Element set: GSFC-031 Inclination: 39.0252 deg RA of node: 71.9896 deg Space Shuttle Flight STS-58 Eccentricity: 0.0012817 Keplerian Elements Arg of perigee: 34.2105 deg Mean anomaly: 325.9529 deg Mean motion: 16.00500857 rev/day Semi-major Axis: 6651.1630 Km Decay rate: 0.13E-02 rev/day*2 Apogee Alt: 281.30 Km Epoch rev: 138 Perigee Alt: 264.25 Km NOTE - This element set is based on NORAD element set # 031. The spacecraft has been propagated to the next ascending node, and the orbit number has been adjusted to bring it into agreement with the NASA numbering convention. Submitted by Frank H. Bauer, KA3HDO for the SAREX Working Group /EX ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 28 Oct 1993 19:35:51 MDT From: sdd.hp.com!spool.mu.edu!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!cyber2.cyberstore.ca!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!alberta!nebulus!ve6mgs!usenet@network.ucsd.edu Subject: SAREX Keps & Update 10/28 To: ham-space@ucsd.edu SB SAREX @ AMSAT $STS-58.026 SAREX Keps & Update 10/28 Thursday 10/29/93 @ 01:00 UTC All scheduled SAREX school and personal contacts are complete. This mission was, by far, the most successful from a school group success standpoint. Only 2 school group and 1 personal contacts had to be repeated. The probability of a successful school contact on the first attempt was nearly 90% for this mission. During previous missions, our success rate was between 66-75% The majority of the schools had horizon to horizon contacts and many schools had 10 or more questions answered. The SAREX Working Group wishes to thank the school group volunteers for their outstanding efforts, the AMSAT technical mentors who coached the schools prior to the contact, and those who helped in the Mission Control Customer Support room; particularly John Nickel, WD5EEV, and Karen Nickel, WD5EEU. Because all scheduled SAREX activities are now complete, several additional general QSO opportunities are now available. While the SAREX Working Group cannot fully guarantee that the crew will be operating, there is a high probability that the STS-58 astronauts will be ready to take general calls over the continental U.S. on these passes. A total of FOUR "scheduled" passes are now available. The two mentioned in previous bulletins include orbit 178 at MET 11 days 1 hour 42 minutes (10/29 at 16:35 UTC) and orbit 192 at MET 11 days 22 hours and 29 minutes (10/30 at 13:22 UTC). In addition, two other "scheduled" passes are now available. These include a pass on orbit 176 at MET 10 days 22 hours 18 minutes (10/28 at 13:11 UTC) and a pass on orbit 193 at MET 12 days 0 hours 6 minutes (10/30 at 14:49 UTC). Please note that many hams on the ground heard or worked the Shuttle Columbia crew on several orbits today. Element set GSFC-031, generated by Ron Parise, WA4SIR, will continue to be the official SAREX element set. When last checked by Gil Carman, WA5NOM, there was less than a one second difference between the orbiter state vector and element set GSFC-031. STS-58 1 22869U 93065A 93300.17699070 0.00133671 99048-5 24183-3 0 318 2 22869 39.0252 71.9896 0012817 34.2105 325.9529 16.00500857 1383 Satellite: STS-58 Catalog number: 22869 Epoch time: 93300.17699070 (27 OCT 93 04:14:51.** UTC) Element set: GSFC-031 Inclination: 39.0252 deg RA of node: 71.9896 deg Space Shuttle Flight STS-58 Eccentricity: 0.0012817 Keplerian Elements Arg of perigee: 34.2105 deg Mean anomaly: 325.9529 deg Mean motion: 16.00500857 rev/day Semi-major Axis: 6651.1630 Km Decay rate: 0.13E-02 rev/day*2 Apogee Alt: 281.30 Km Epoch rev: 138 Perigee Alt: 264.25 Km NOTE - This element set is based on NORAD element set # 031. The spacecraft has been propagated to the next ascending node, and the orbit number has been adjusted to bring it into agreement with the NASA numbering convention. Submitted by Frank H. Bauer, KA3HDO for the SAREX Working Group /EX ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 29 Oct 1993 18:26:43 MDT From: sdd.hp.com!spool.mu.edu!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!cyber2.cyberstore.ca!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!alberta!nebulus!ve6mgs!usenet@network.ucsd.edu Subject: SAREX Keps & Update 10/30 To: ham-space@ucsd.edu SB SAREX @ AMSAT $STS-58.031 SAREX Keps & Update 10/30 Saturday 10/30/93 @ 00:00 UTC Since all scheduled SAREX activities are now complete, several general QSO opportunities are available. While the SAREX Working Group cannot fully guarantee that the crew will be operating, there is a high probability that the STS-58 astronauts will be ready to take general calls over the continental U.S. on these passes. These opportunities include a pass on orbit 192 at MET 11 days 22 hours and 29 minutes (10/30 at 13:22 UTC) and a pass on orbit 193 at MET 12 days 0 hours 6 minutes (10/30 at 14:49 UTC). Please note that many hams on the ground heard or worked the Shuttle Columbia crew on several orbits today. Both voice and packet modes were operating. Element set GSFC-031, generated by Ron Parise, WA4SIR, will continue to be the official SAREX element set for today. On orbit 181 Gil Carman, WA5NOM, of the Johnson Space Center compared the orbiter state vector to GSFC-031. The state vector was 6 seconds later than this element set. Other later element sets (e.g. GSFC-038) are currently less accurate than GSFC-031. STS-58 1 22869U 93065A 93300.17699070 0.00133671 99048-5 24183-3 0 318 2 22869 39.0252 71.9896 0012817 34.2105 325.9529 16.00500857 1383 Satellite: STS-58 Catalog number: 22869 Epoch time: 93300.17699070 (27 OCT 93 04:14:51.** UTC) Element set: GSFC-031 Inclination: 39.0252 deg RA of node: 71.9896 deg Space Shuttle Flight STS-58 Eccentricity: 0.0012817 Keplerian Elements Arg of perigee: 34.2105 deg Mean anomaly: 325.9529 deg Mean motion: 16.00500857 rev/day Semi-major Axis: 6651.1630 Km Decay rate: 0.13E-02 rev/day*2 Apogee Alt: 281.30 Km Epoch rev: 138 Perigee Alt: 264.25 Km NOTE - This element set is based on NORAD element set # 031. The spacecraft has been propagated to the next ascending node, and the orbit number has been adjusted to bring it into agreement with the NASA numbering convention. Submitted by Frank H. Bauer, KA3HDO for the SAREX Working Group /EX ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 30 Oct 1993 11:06:11 -0600 From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!cyber2.cyberstore.ca!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!alberta!nebulus!ve6mgs!usenet@network.ucsd.edu Subject: SAREX Keps/Update 10/30 To: ham-space@ucsd.edu SB SAREX @ AMSAT $STS-58.032 SAREX Keps/Update 10/30 Saturday 10/30/93 @ 17:00 UTC We have recently learned that SAREX will remain active on the Space Shuttle Columbia until 16:53 UTC on October 31. KC5ACR, (Bill McArthur) KC5AXA (Marty Fettman) and KC5CKM (Rick Searfoss) will continue voice operations today and tomorrow as time permits. Also, the packet robot system, using the callsign W5RRR-1, should be operational when the STS-58 crew is busy doing science investigations. Good luck! Element set GSFC-031, generated by Ron Parise, WA4SIR, will continue to be the official SAREX element set for today. On orbit 191 Gil Carman, WA5NOM, of the Johnson Space Center compared the orbiter state vector to GSFC-031. The state vector was 4 seconds later than this element set. STS-58 1 22869U 93065A 93300.17699070 0.00133671 99048-5 24183-3 0 318 2 22869 39.0252 71.9896 0012817 34.2105 325.9529 16.00500857 1383 Satellite: STS-58 Catalog number: 22869 Epoch time: 93300.17699070 (27 OCT 93 04:14:51.** UTC) Element set: GSFC-031 Inclination: 39.0252 deg RA of node: 71.9896 deg Space Shuttle Flight STS-58 Eccentricity: 0.0012817 Keplerian Elements Arg of perigee: 34.2105 deg Mean anomaly: 325.9529 deg Mean motion: 16.00500857 rev/day Semi-major Axis: 6651.1630 Km Decay rate: 0.13E-02 rev/day*2 Apogee Alt: 281.30 Km Epoch rev: 138 Perigee Alt: 264.25 Km NOTE - This element set is based on NORAD element set # 031. The spacecraft has been propagated to the next ascending node, and the orbit number has been adjusted to bring it into agreement with the NASA numbering convention. Submitted by Frank H. Bauer, KA3HDO for the SAREX Working Group /EX ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 25 Oct 1993 16:35:00 MDT From: sdd.hp.com!spool.mu.edu!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!cyber2.cyberstore.ca!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!alberta!nebulus!ve6mgs!usenet@network.ucsd.edu Subject: STS-58 Keps (Orbit 58) To: ham-space@ucsd.edu STS-58 Keps (Orbit 58) STS-58 element set JSC-010 (orbit 53) STS-58 1 22869U 93 65 A 93294.86836529 .00191327 00000-0 25999-3 0 108 2 22869 39.0211 107.4394 0004523 319.1598 40.8836 15.96428488 535 Satellite: STS-58 Catalog number: 22869 Epoch time: 93294.86836529 = (21 OCT 93 20:50:26.76 UTC) Element set: 010 Inclination: 39.0211 deg RA of node: 107.4394 deg Space Shuttle Flight STS-58 Eccentricity: .0004523 Keplerian Element set JSC-010 Arg of perigee: 319.1598 deg from NASA flight Day 4 vector Mean anomaly: 40.8836 deg Mean motion: 15.96428488 rev/day G. L. Carman Decay rate: 1.91327e-03 rev/day~2 NASA Johnson Space Center Epoch rev: 53 Checksum: 331 G.L.CARMAN ***************************** STS-58 STATE VECTOR************************** FLIGHT DAY 5 STATE VECTORS ON ORBIT OPERATIONS (Posted 10/22/93 by Roger Simpson) The following vector for the flight of STS-58 is provided by NASA Johnson Space Center, Flight Design and Dynamics Division for use in ground track plotting programs. The vector represents the trajectory of Columbia during on orbit operations. Lift off Time : 1993/291/14:53:09.974 Lift off Date : 10/18/93 Vector Time (GMT) : 295/14:00:00.00 Vector Time (MET) : 003/23:06:50.030 Orbit Count : 64 Weight : 242925.0 LBS Drag Coefficient : 2.00 Drag Area : 3000.0 SQ FT M50 Elements Keplerian Elements ----------------------- -------------------------- X = -2637440.4 FT A = 3600.1079 NM Y = -20942782.5 FT E = 0.001033 Z = 5675641.8 FT I (M50) = 39.27150 DEG Xdot = 19697.390013 FT/S Wp (M50) = 113.55002 DEG Ydot = -6469.479637 FT/S RAAN (M50) = 102.02088 DEG Zdot = -14650.898454 FT/S / N (True) = 42.23202 DEG Anomalies \ M (Mean) = 42.15251 DEG Ha = 155.421 NM Hp = 150.294 NM Mean of 1950 (M50) : Inertial, right-handed Cartesian system whose Coordinate System origin is the center of the earth. The epoch is the beginning of the Besselian year 1950. X axis: Mean vernal equinox of epoch Z axis: Earth's mean rotational axis of epoch Y axis: Completes right-hand system A: Semi-major axis E: Eccentricity N: True anomaly I: Inclination M: Mean anomaly Wp: Argument of perigee Ha: Height of apogee RAAN: Right ascension of ascending node Hp: Height of perigee Columbia will perform a 14 fps retrograde orbit adjust maneuver at 5/06:50 MET. The next state vector update will be performed after this maneuver has been completed. Questions regarding these postings may be addressed to Roger Simpson, Mail Code DM4, L. B. J. Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058, POSTED BY SSTICH AT VMSPFHOU ON VMSPFHOU.VMBOARDS:PAONEWS *Ron Pogue (KD9QB) Primary Internet Address: a66rmp%andv02@gmr.com* *CIS: 71036,1001 AMSAT Internet Address: kd9qb@AmSat.org* *Fax: 1-317-773-1463 (24Hrs) Alternate Internet Address: rpogue@gmr.com* *Home: 1-317-773-4936 (7-9PM EST) Packet Address: kd9qb@wj9u.in.usa.na* ------------------------------ End of Ham-Space Digest V93 #73 ****************************** ******************************