Date: Fri, 18 Mar 94 16:07:21 PST From: Info-Hams Mailing List and Newsgroup <info-hams@ucsd.edu> Errors-To: Info-Hams-Errors@UCSD.Edu Reply-To: Info-Hams@UCSD.Edu Precedence: Bulk Subject: Info-Hams Digest V94 #304 To: Info-Hams Info-Hams Digest Fri, 18 Mar 94 Volume 94 : Issue 304 Today's Topics: * SpaceNews 21-Mar-94 * 1x1 Callsigns? 93 Quest-How to Mount A 2m Antenna? Deadhead Hams, Net Tonite!!!! Grounding and lightning protection--KE4ZV Help Needed on 75M WAS License Time For 1a Element? Lightning protection ... ORBS$077.MISC.AMSAT Phonetic Alphabets (2 msgs) Q codes? Send Replies or notes for publication to: <Info-Hams@UCSD.Edu> Send subscription requests to: <Info-Hams-REQUEST@UCSD.Edu> Problems you can't solve otherwise to brian@ucsd.edu. Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available (by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/info-hams". We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official policies or positions of any party. Your mileage may vary. So there. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 18 Mar 94 17:40:38 GMT From: news-mail-gateway@ucsd.edu Subject: * SpaceNews 21-Mar-94 * To: info-hams@ucsd.edu SB NEWS @ AMSAT $SPC0321 * SpaceNews 21-Mar-94 * BID: $SPC0321 ========= SpaceNews ========= MONDAY MARCH 21, 1994 SpaceNews originates at KD2BD in Wall Township, New Jersey, USA. It is published every week and is made available for unlimited distribution. * SAREX FACT SHEET - STS-59 * ============================= WHO: Space Shuttle Endeavour crew WHAT: Talk via Amateur Radio with students on earth. WHERE: Earth Orbit. 57 degrees inclination. Altitude 220 kilometers. WHEN: April 7, 1994 (9 day mission) WHY: As part of the Shuttle Amateur Radio EXperiment (SAREX) component of the STS-59 mission. LAUNCH: Scheduled for April 7, 1994 at 1207 UTC from the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida. AMATEUR RADIO LICENSED CREW MEMBERS: Dr. Jay Apt, N5QWL, Mission Specialist Dr. Linda Godwin, N5RAX, Payload Commander PAYLOAD: Primary Payload--Shuttle Radar Laboratory 1 (SRL-1). Apt is the commander of the Blue Shift and will operate the shuttle systems during the "night" shift, while Godwin is responsible for overall operation of three large radars in the shuttle's cargo bay during the "day" shift. Secondary Payload--Shuttle Amateur Radio EXperiment or SAREX, configuration C. SPONSORS: The American Radio Relay League (ARRL), The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) and The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). SAREX is supported by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). SAREX RADIO FREQUENCIES:Voice Downlink: (Worldwide) 145.55 MHz [Receive Only] Voice Uplink: 144.91, 144.93, 144.95, 144.97, 144.99 MHz Voice Uplink: (Europe only) 144.70, 144.75, 144.80 MHz Packet Downlink: 145.55 MHz Packet Uplink: 144.49 MHz HAM RADIO FM Voice: call signs N5RAX and N5QWL CALL SIGNS: FM Packet: call sign W5RRR-1 QSL VIA: Send reports and QSLs to ARRL EAD, STS-59 QSL, 225 Main Street, Newington, CT 06111, USA. Include the following information in your QSL or report: STS-59, date, time in UTC, frequency and mode (FM voice or packet). In addition, you must also include an SASE using a large, business-sized envelope if you wish to receive a card. The Orange Park Amateur Radio Club in Florida has generously volunteered to manage the cards for this mission. INFORMATION:Goddard Amateur Radio Club (Greenbelt, MD) Amateur Radio station (call sign WA3NAN) news and retransmissions on Amateur Radio high frequency (HF) bands at 3.86, 7.185, 14.295, 21.395, and 28.65 megahertz (MHz) and on very high frequency (VHF) bands at 147.45 MHz. Johnson Space Center Amateur Radio Club (Houston, TX) Amateur Radio station (call sign W5RRR) news bulletins on HF bands at 3.850, 7.227, 14.280, 21.350, and 28.400 MHz and VHF at 146.64 MHz. ARRL (Newington, CT) Amateur Radio station (call sign W1AW) news bulletins (9:45 PM, 12:45 AM EST) on HF bands at 3.99, 7.29, 14.29, 18.16, 21.39, 28.59 and VHF at 147.555 MHz. SHUTTLE TRACKING: Current Keplerian elements to track the Shuttle are available from the NASA Spacelink computer information system BBS (205) 895-0028 and the ARRL BBS (203) 666-0578. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:Tracy Bedlack, N1QDO, Educational Activities Department, American Radio Relay League 203-666-1541 email: ead@arrl.org SAREX configuration C consists of the handheld transceiver, I/F module, PGSC, spare battery set, window antenna, packet module, SAREX headset assembly, personal recorder, and the required cable assemblies. The packet] module contains a power supply and packet TNC. The power supply provides power for the TNC and the handheld transceiver. The TNC interconnects with a radio transceiver so that data to and from the computer is transmitted to and received from other amateur radio stations. Configuration C is capable of operating in either the voice or data mode in communications with amateur stations within LOS of the Orbiter. This configuration can be operated in the attended mode for voice communication and either the attended or automatic mode for data communications. The payload control weights are as follows: Configuration C 45 lb (20.41 kg) STS-59 Keplerian elements for a 1207 UTC launch: STS-59 1 00059U 94097.56425350 .00234441 00000-0 12190-3 0 55 2 00059 57.0018 277.1957 0008733 268.0585 91.9530 16.19594525 26 Satellite: STS-59 Catalog number: 00059 Epoch time: 94097.56425350 = (07 APR 94 13:32:31.50 UTC) Element set: 005 Inclination: 57.0018 deg RA of node: 277.1957 deg Space Shuttle Flight STS-59 Eccentricity: .0008733 Prelaunch Element set JSC-005 Arg of perigee: 268.0585 deg Launch: 07 APR 94 12:07 UTC Mean anomaly: 91.9530 deg Mean motion: 16.19594525 rev/day Gil Carman, WA5NOM Decay rate: 2.34441e-03 rev/day*2 NASA Johnson Space Center Epoch rev: 2 Checksum: 307 [Info via the ARRL] * FO-20 SCHEDULE * ================== The FO-20 command station announced that FO-20 will be placed in Mode JA (Analog transponder mode) during Field Day 1994 (25-Jun-94 18:00 UTC through 26-Jun-94 18:00 UTC). The current operating schedule is as follows: Analog mode: 23-Mar-94 07:52 -to- 30-Mar-94 08:15 UTC Digital mode: Unless otherwise noted above. [Info via Kazu Sakamoto, JJ1WTK] * THANKS! * =========== Thanks for all the messages of appreciation sent to SpaceNews this week especially: IW1QH KZ1Z VK2TFG AD4HJ KD4VGD KD6DSI G8MWF Erik Simonsen Nihat Tsolak * FEEDBACK/INPUT WELCOMED * =========================== Mail to SpaceNews should be directed to the editor (John, KD2BD) via any of the following paths: FAX : 1-908-747-7107 PACKET : KD2BD @ N2KZH.NJ.USA.NA INTERNET : kd2bd@ka2qhd.ocpt.ccur.com -or- kd2bd@amsat.org MAIL : John A. Magliacane, KD2BD Department of Engineering and Technology Advanced Technology Center Brookdale Community College Lincroft, New Jersey 07738 U.S.A. <<=- SpaceNews: The first amateur newsletter read in space! -=>> /EX -- John A. Magliacane, KD2BD * /\/\ * Voice : 1-908-224-2948 Advanced Technology Center |/\/\/\| Packet : KD2BD @ N2KZH.NJ.USA.NA Brookdale Community College |\/\/\/| Internet: kd2bd@ka2qhd.ocpt.ccur.com Lincroft, NJ 07738 * \/\/ * Morse : -.- -.. ..--- -... -.. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 15 Mar 1994 10:00:46 CET From: agate!howland.reston.ans.net!pipex!sunic!trane.uninett.no!eunet.no!EU.net!Germany.EU.net!netmbx.de!zrz.TU-Berlin.DE!cs.tu-berlin.de!zib-berlin.de!uni-paderborn.de!urmel.@@ihnp4.ucsd.edu Subject: 1x1 Callsigns? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu The use of prefixes A0 and A1 would require an additional allocation by the ITU of blocks A0A-A0Z and A1A-A1Z to the United States. This is unlikely since it is a policy of the ITU not to allocate callsign blocks containing figures 0 and 1. There is an analogy: While Germany has DAA-DRZ, we will never have D0 or D1 callsigns, even thoughprefixes D2, D4 and D6 are in use (by other countries, though). So you can drop that idea. 1x1 callsignon the other hand are of course possible; it's entirely in the hands of the national authorities. So keep on pressing the FCC. 73, Wolf. DL3ZBJ, AB6EL, VK6BGV. ------------------------------ Date: 18 Mar 1994 02:09:18 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!geraldo.cc.utexas.edu!slip-5-14.ots.utexas.edu!user@network.ucsd.edu Subject: 93 Quest-How to Mount A 2m Antenna? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu It all seemed so easy, there was so much open space up there for an antenna. I went out and bought an NMO mount and a 2-meter quarter-wave whip. Now I realize that I can't figure out how to get the headliner out to drill the hole. The minivan has a factory sunroof and a non-metallic(?) luggage rack. Even with the help of the shop manual, I can't figure out how to get the headliner out to drill the hole...there are 3" wide plastic retainers all around that seem remarkably immovable. There is inadequate room ("depth") above the dome light to mount the antenna there and still put the dome light back in. All windows except the windshield are openable, so thru-glass antennas are not usable except in front...anyway, I was hoping to avoid anything taller than a quarter wave. Has anyone successfully done this? How? = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = _ Miles Abernathy, N5KOB = | |__ miles@mbs.telesys.utexas.edu = _| | POB 7580, Austin TX 78713 = \ * / University of Texas @ Austin = \/ tel. (512) 471-6521 U.S.A. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ------------------------------ Date: 18 Mar 1994 02:06:46 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!usc!yeshua.marcam.com!zip.eecs.umich.edu!newsxfer.itd.umich.edu!news1.oakland.edu!vela.acs.oakland.edu!prvalko@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Deadhead Hams, Net Tonite!!!! To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Galen Watts (galen@picea.CFNR.ColoState.EDU) wrote: : Curtis, KA8WFC posted asking for Deadheads that are hams and I, : Galen KF0YJ, responded. : We're going to try to get on 3932 kHz at 05:00 UTC (midnite eastern) : and see if we can build a net, so join on in!!! Far Out, man! I'd like to check in, you know? But I've been up all night working on my bus and I'm really bummed. Freddie, you know Freddie, man, he's the dude that sells those groovy kites, anyway, he bogarts all my weed at the Denver gig and toasts my lighter and now the bus won't start. An my ol' lady's been drying mushrooms ALL day so you know what she's like... LA LA LA... 68 (peace) Wb8zJl ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 17 Mar 1994 21:49:45 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!swrinde!emory!rsiatl!ke4zv!gary@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Grounding and lightning protection--KE4ZV To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article <9403171749.AA02747@netmail2.microsoft.com> mikemr@microsoft.COM (Michael Mraz) writes: >Gary, you mentioned that a typical lightning strike has an energy >of about 20J. Is this really correct? I did a comparison to the energy >stored in a 50uF capacitor charged to 3kV (E=C*V**2), which is 450J, >and I was surprised that the charged cap stored almost 25 times >the energy of a typical lightning strike (not to say that a 50uF filter >cap in an amplifier is anything to sneeze at!). Have I miscalculated >something? Mike, I don't recall saying a lightning strike has an energy of 20J. What I said was that the quantity of electrical charge is usually about 20 *Coulombs*, and that a typical bolt flows 4000 Amperes. From that we can gather that the bolt lasts about 20/4000 of a second. The voltage is unknown, but in the millions of volts in the cloud to ground path. We can make the assumption that in most cases a lightning strike is a constant current source. So if we take a single driven ground rod as having a resistance of 230 ohms, we can assume that the power delivered to the rod in a stroke is I^2*R or 3.68E9 watts. Converting that to energy, we have 3.68E9*20/4000=18.4E6 watt-seconds, or 5.11 kW-hr. That's 18.396 Megajoules. Gary -- Gary Coffman KE4ZV | You make it, | gatech!wa4mei!ke4zv!gary Destructive Testing Systems | we break it. | uunet!rsiatl!ke4zv!gary 534 Shannon Way | Guaranteed! | emory!kd4nc!ke4zv!gary Lawrenceville, GA 30244 | | ------------------------------ Date: 18 Mar 94 19:30:49 GMT From: news-mail-gateway@ucsd.edu Subject: Help Needed on 75M WAS To: info-hams@ucsd.edu HELP... Any Extra Class hams out there who can help me complete some endorsements for the 75M WAS (aka GERATOL) net? Out of over two dozen various endorsements available, I have whittled my list down to only a state or two for certain ones; that is, if I can work stations having the call sign formats following for the states listed, I can finish off these endorsements. The call sign formats and states needed are: Callsign # Format Example Needed States N 1x2 N2KK (2) AR, WV A 2x1 AB3C (2) HI, ND K 2x1 KC8X (1) WV W 2x1 WA4X (3) AL, ID, UT If any of you Extras out there having a call sign with the above format and state can schedule a quick contact with me (shouldn't take any more then a minute or so) in the 75M Extra Subband before it gets too noisy, pls send an email reply direct to me, and we'll work something out. Thanks in advance to anyone out there who can help me out! 73 Chuck W2RK (75M WAS #992) ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Mar 1994 00:37:25 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!swrinde!sgiblab!cs.uoregon.edu!reuter.cse.ogi.edu!netnews.nwnet.net!raven.alaska.edu!acad2.alaska.edu!auchd@network.ucsd.edu Subject: License Time For 1a Element? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu I passed a 1a element for upgrade to Technician Plus on December 1. It is now the middle of March and I havn't received a new license. Is the FCC issuing new licenses for 1a element upgrades? ------------------------------ Date: 18 Mar 94 11:33:32 GMT From: news-mail-gateway@ucsd.edu Subject: Lightning protection ... To: info-hams@ucsd.edu I've been following Gary Coffman's recent exchange about lightning. I understand that small radii (sharp points) discharge at lower voltages. Therefore, if an instant in time occurs when a surface has an even and high potential, then certainly the sharp point will be preferentially hit. However, part of lightning rod theory as I understand it, is that lightning will be LESS LIKELY to strike when properly installed lightning rods are present. This is precisely because the sharp points begin to discharge the surrounding area at relatively low voltages, making it less likely that the potential difference required for a mondo-strike will ever build up. I think this is the principal behind the multiple tiny sharp rods located along a braid across the ridge of a barn or home. Conjectures? Refutations? Anyone up for an experiment? ;-) /*** Gary W. Thorburn gthorbur@ub.com KD1TE ***/ ------------------------------ Date: 18 Mar 94 13:35:00 GMT From: news-mail-gateway@ucsd.edu Subject: ORBS$077.MISC.AMSAT To: info-hams@ucsd.edu SB KEPS @ AMSAT $ORBS-077.M Orbital Elements 077.MISC HR AMSAT ORBITAL ELEMENTS FOR MANNED AND MISCELLANEOUS SATELLITES FROM WA5QGD FORT WORTH,TX March 18, 1994 BID: $ORBS-077.M TO ALL RADIO AMATEURS BT Satellite: POSAT Catalog number: 22829 Epoch time: 94072.24139185 Element set: 263 Inclination: 98.6566 deg RA of node: 149.0227 deg Eccentricity: 0.0010769 Arg of perigee: 114.2722 deg Mean anomaly: 245.9582 deg Mean motion: 14.28010738 rev/day Decay rate: 7.3e-07 rev/day^2 Epoch rev: 2400 Checksum: 291 Satellite: MIR Catalog number: 16609 Epoch time: 94075.82181288 Element set: 177 Inclination: 51.6463 deg RA of node: 289.2936 deg Eccentricity: 0.0015053 Arg of perigee: 41.3927 deg Mean anomaly: 318.8353 deg Mean motion: 15.58193902 rev/day Decay rate: 7.619e-05 rev/day^2 Epoch rev: 46164 Checksum: 330 Satellite: HUBBLE Catalog number: 20580 Epoch time: 94073.54142216 Element set: 457 Inclination: 28.4691 deg RA of node: 123.9060 deg Eccentricity: 0.0006308 Arg of perigee: 177.0781 deg Mean anomaly: 182.9845 deg Mean motion: 14.90525553 rev/day Decay rate: 1.087e-05 rev/day^2 Epoch rev: 1525 Checksum: 291 Satellite: GRO Catalog number: 21225 Epoch time: 94074.15950667 Element set: 73 Inclination: 28.4604 deg RA of node: 164.6497 deg Eccentricity: 0.0003468 Arg of perigee: 223.7721 deg Mean anomaly: 136.2602 deg Mean motion: 15.40375395 rev/day Decay rate: 5.538e-05 rev/day^2 Epoch rev: 4242 Checksum: 294 Satellite: UARS Catalog number: 21701 Epoch time: 94076.25976255 Element set: 487 Inclination: 56.9834 deg RA of node: 167.4368 deg Eccentricity: 0.0004269 Arg of perigee: 96.1849 deg Mean anomaly: 263.9671 deg Mean motion: 14.96533180 rev/day Decay rate: 2.830e-05 rev/day^2 Epoch rev: 13717 Checksum: 339 /EX ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Mar 1994 04:20:15 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!usc!yeshua.marcam.com!insosf1.infonet.net!solaris.cc.vt.edu!mreames.async.vt.edu!mreames@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Phonetic Alphabets To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article <2maglb$dj@agate.berkeley.edu> stoll@OCF.Berkeley.EDU (Cliff Stoll) writes: >From: stoll@OCF.Berkeley.EDU (Cliff Stoll) >Subject: Phonetic Alphabets >Date: 17 Mar 1994 21:04:43 GMT Cliff, Why does your name sound familiar? Did you write THE CUCKOO'S NEST? If not, my memory must be wrong, and I'm sorry. Matthew PS - If you want to respond by e-mail, that's fine. __________________________________________________________________________ | Matthew D. Reames | "Growing old is mandatory. | ? ? ? | | mreames@vt.edu | Growing up is not." | ? ? ? | | matthew.reames@vt.edu | Maya Angelou | ? ? ? | | kd4vml@vt.edu | | ? ? ? | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Mar 1994 04:23:59 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!usc!yeshua.marcam.com!insosf1.infonet.net!solaris.cc.vt.edu!mreames.async.vt.edu!mreames@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Phonetic Alphabets To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article <mreames.126.2D892BFE@vt.edu> mreames@vt.edu (Matthew Reames) writes: >From: mreames@vt.edu (Matthew Reames) >Subject: Re: Phonetic Alphabets >Date: Fri, 18 Mar 1994 04:20:15 GMT >In article <2maglb$dj@agate.berkeley.edu> stoll@OCF.Berkeley.EDU (Cliff Stoll) >writes: >>From: stoll@OCF.Berkeley.EDU (Cliff Stoll) >>Subject: Phonetic Alphabets >>Date: 17 Mar 1994 21:04:43 GMT >Cliff, >Why does your name sound familiar? Did you write THE CUCKOO'S NEST? If not, >my memory must be wrong, and I'm sorry. I apologize for reposting, and will try not to do it again, but I just checked, and the book is THE CUCKOO'S EGG. >Matthew >PS - If you want to respond by e-mail, that's fine. __________________________________________________________________________ | Matthew D. Reames | "Growing old is mandatory. | ? ? ? | | mreames@vt.edu | Growing up is not." | ? ? ? | | matthew.reames@vt.edu | Maya Angelou | ? ? ? | | kd4vml@vt.edu | | ? ? ? | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 17 Mar 94 18:11:00 -0800 From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!library.ucla.edu!csulb.edu!paris.ics.uci.edu!news.claremont.edu!kaiwan.com!ledge!bob.albert@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Q codes? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu There are many lists of Q codes; check ARRL publications at your local library or bookstore. The Radio Amateur's Handbook will have a list, there is one on the inside front cover of most ARRL logbooks, and other publications dedicated to the beginner in ham radio. But why waste your time listening? Do a little studying and you can be part of the fun! Talking with people all over the world is a lot of fun, much better than listening passively. 73 DE K6DDX ------------------------------ Date: 18 Mar 1994 05:03:12 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!afabro@network.ucsd.edu To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <1994Mar14.163412.24670@jupiter.sun.csd.unb.ca>, <Anthony_Pelliccio-140394143004@138.16.64.52>, <bote.763793771@access1> Subject : Re: PC-based repeater controllers? In article <bote.763793771@access1>, John Boteler <bote@access1.digex.net> wrote: >Anthony_Pelliccio@brown.edu (Tony Pelliccio) writes: >>a4q4@jupiter.sun.csd.unb.ca (D.J.Trynor EE) wrote: >>> I have a PS/2 Model 30 sitting idle on my desk.....I have no hard drive fo> (extra stuff deleted) >My club has been kicking this around for way too long now. > >We have looked at several PC-based repeater controllers, >but they are either way the hell too expensive for >what they do or they do only what they do with no >room for innovation or expansion. > >Both issues gave us pause. I wouldn't mind developing >a neat driver that would allow you to write your >own repeater controller in a script language, but >that sounds too much like work if there was no $$$ market >for it. Similar sentiments have been expressed to me >by an associate who wrote a microcontroller repeater >controller. > >So, is a whiz-bang system meeting my wish list >above now available in the ham market? Well, here in the Columbus area we have four PC based controllers. They are made by A/D Technologies of Atlanta. They have room for 1000 users and include voice mail and a bunch of other stuff. The first one cost $2000 but the price has gone up considerably. We have been "beta testers" for a lot of the software and the upgrades so we have had our share of problems. They are expensive, but they can do a lot, too! Tony N8RRB afabro@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 18 Mar 94 04:11:04 GMT From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!convex!news.utdallas.edu!chpc.utexas.edu!hydra.acs.ttu.edu!news@network.ucsd.edu To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <2m7v0h$gld@news.iastate.edu>, <2m9gdv$6un@tuegate.tue.nl>, <2m9is3$b1q@reznor.larc.nasa.gov> Subject : Re: 1x1 Callsigns? In <2m9is3$b1q@reznor.larc.nasa.gov> eckman@eos1.larc.nasa.gov writes: > With regard to the apparent international regulations requiring a > specific format to an amateur callsign, could someone actually > dig up article 32 of the ITU regulations (which deal with amateur > radio communications) and let us know what it really says? > Drawing analogies with AM radio station callsigns, coast guard, > and airplane designators strikes me as entirely beside the point. > The fact that the Marshall Islands are not using a number following > their V7 prefix is not proof that a number isn't necessary. They > may just be ignoring or ignorant of ITU regs. > Could someone please quote the relevant ITU regs for us? Maybe > someone at ARRL HQ with easy access to the text. > > Richard Eckman KO4MR > NASA Langley > eckman@eos1.larc.nasa.gov > I do not have a copy of the ITU regs handy, but to quote chapter 3 page 7 of _The ARRL Operating Manual_ ... "US AMATUER CALL SIGNS... The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) radio regulations outline the basic principles used in forming amateur call signs. According to these regulations, an amateur call sign must consist of one or two letters (sometimes the first or second may be a number) as a prefix, followed by a number and then a suffix of not more than three letters. (...)" Hmmm...this says to me that S63NZ would be a legal call sign from Singapore, whereas S6NZ would not (the prefix is S6)...etc -tommy KC5FNF z3boa@ttacs.ttu.edu ------------------------------ End of Info-Hams Digest V94 #304 ****************************** ******************************