Date: Tue, 11 Jan 94 15:10:20 PST From: Info-Hams Mailing List and Newsgroup <info-hams@ucsd.edu> Errors-To: Info-Hams-Errors@UCSD.Edu Reply-To: Info-Hams@UCSD.Edu Precedence: Bulk Subject: Info-Hams Digest V94 #24 To: Info-Hams Info-Hams Digest Tue, 11 Jan 94 Volume 94 : Issue 24 Today's Topics: BRAIN CANCER, LEUKEMI Fm Broadcast Log Periodics and DXing Phonecalls from 20,00 Power Lines Cause Cancer? Maybe Not... Repeater database? THANK YOU FOR CANCER REMARKS. why 29.94 fps? (2 msgs) Send Replies or notes for publication to: <Info-Hams@UCSD.Edu> Send subscription requests to: <Info-Hams-REQUEST@UCSD.Edu> Problems you can't solve otherwise to brian@ucsd.edu. Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available (by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/info-hams". We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official policies or positions of any party. Your mileage may vary. So there. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Tue, 11 Jan 1994 17:40:00 GMT From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!csn!springsboard!alex.lane@network.ucsd.edu Subject: BRAIN CANCER, LEUKEMI To: info-hams@ucsd.edu D.Rodman writes: -> There are currently a series of prospective and retrospective -> articles appearing in the literature which point to the likely -> relationship between some forms of cancer in children and proximity -> to power lines. This is no scare tactic, I assure you. I am currently gathering material of this kind. Since this information you must have close at hand, could I trouble you for a brief list of citations? Thanks. Cheers... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The SpringsBoard BBS | "You *can* get here from there." Pagosa Springs, Colorado | KD6JJA Alex Lane (303) 264-2339 | alex.lane@springsboard.org ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ Date: 11 Jan 94 20:02:28 GMT From: ogicse!uwm.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!sdd.hp.com!col.hp.com!srgenprp!alanb@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Fm Broadcast To: info-hams@ucsd.edu chris andersen (akcs.marz@vpnet.chi.il.us) wrote: : Is it possible for a person with ham or modified ham set up to broadcast : on the 88-108 Mhz area??? None of the other respondents mentioned that it is perfectly legal to broadcast on the FM broadcast band using very low power. You can buy "wireless microphones" and other devices with a range of a couple hundred feet or so. AL N1AL ------------------------------ Date: 11 Jan 94 18:06:04 GMT From: ogicse!emory!darwin.sura.net!fconvx.ncifcrf.gov!mack@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Log Periodics and DXing To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article <1994Jan11.142536.24875@ke4zv.atl.ga.us> gary@ke4zv.atl.ga.us (Gary Coffman) writes: >In article <1994Jan10.172952.17636@worldbank.org> dearnshaw@worldbank.org (Darrell Earnshaw) writes: >>I'm curious. Does anyone have any experience with HF (20 meters and above) Log >>Periodic antennas? I'd be particularly interested in learning how they compare >>with the TH-7DXX/KT34XA class of antenna. >> >>(I'm moving house, and considering a LP to replace my venerable TH-7. I've been >>kicking around the idea of a L.P, to get WARC band coverage. However, if the >>performance is such that my TH-7, or a TH-11, will outperform them for DXing >>and contesting, then I may reconsider.) >> >>Opinions/Comments ? > >Reconsider. I don't know of any off the shelf LPs that will match your >current antennas. HyGain made some special ones for the military that >would be a match for your current antennas, but they were huge. In general, >an LP must be *much* larger than an optimized yagi for a given frequency >to have equivalent performance. > >Gary >-- >Gary Coffman KE4ZV | You make it, | gatech!wa4mei!ke4zv!gary >Destructive Testing Systems | we break it. | uunet!rsiatl!ke4zv!gary >534 Shannon Way | Guaranteed! | emory!kd4nc!ke4zv!gary >Lawrenceville, GA 30244 | | If you want an idea of what an L{ will look like on top of your house, look at the CQ calendar for this year - on e of the pictures ther will give you a good idea. Joe NA3T mack@ncifcrf.gov ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 11 Jan 1994 17:28:19 GMT From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!csn!springsboard!alex.lane@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Phonecalls from 20,00 To: info-hams@ucsd.edu John Gladin writes: -> Chris Magnuson writes: -> -> .... it is possible to make phone calls from way up high by radio -> -> (check on the kids, etc.). Is this possible to do via a portable -> -> radio? -> Alex Lane responds: -> -> A number of 2-meter repeaters offer users a phone patch that allow -> -> to make phone calls through the repeater. ... -> -> Of course, this pre-supposes you're a licensed ham with a 2-meter -> --------------------------------------------------------------------- -> -> Here's a consideration in airborne operation:.... Many other postings also assume Chris wants to make phone calls from an airplane, and have provided useful caveats about radio operation from a plane. My response, however, assumes Chris will be operating *on the ground* (I know it's tough to find ground that's 20K feet up, but I figure what Chris meant is that he's going to be up high climbing mountains and stuff.) Cheers... ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The SpringsBoard BBS | "You *can* get here from there." Pagosa Springs, Colorado | KD6JJA Alex Lane (303) 264-2339 | alex.lane@springsboard.org ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ Date: 11 Jan 94 09:20:12 -0700 From: library.ucla.edu!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!sol.ctr.columbia.edu!hamblin.math.byu.edu!yvax.byu.edu!physc1.byu.edu!peterson@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Power Lines Cause Cancer? Maybe Not... To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Recently an interesting article came across the "What's New" feed from the American Institute of Physics (3 Dec 93 issue). To quote part of item 3: "Just last month (What's New, 5 Nov 93), we reviewed 'The Great Power-Line Cover-up.' Now it appears that Finland has joined the cover-up! The Finns, it seems, are obsessive about keeping records, making it possible to calculate the exposure levels of children living near power-lines amounting to one-million person years! In the whole cohort of 134,800 children there were 140 cancers, 5 less than expected. The only increased risk was for nervous system tumors among boys, but even that was attributed to one boy who had 3 tumors." I don't think this study ever made the news (doesn't fit the agenda of the news media establishment) and there is no reference to where the study was published. However, it does indicate that living next to power-lines (at least Finnish power-lines) may actually reduce the incidence of cancer. Maybe there is something different about power-lines in Denver that causes increased cancer (the original study) other than a difference in frequency (Finland does use 50 Hz like the rest of Europe don' they?). Just food for thought. Bryan Peterson peterson@physc1.byu.edu ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 11 Jan 1994 20:57:58 GMT From: dog.ee.lbl.gov!agate!iat.holonet.net!bwilkins@network.ucsd.edu Subject: Repeater database? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu clifto@indep1.UUCP (Cliff Sharp) after my editing writes: : HAAT, on the other hand, provides clues that might be better left : unpublished... HAAT is height above average terrain. The repeater I use is about 2000' above sea level. The HAAT is about 450'. This happens when there are taller hills within ten miles. Repeaters located in mountain valleys may have mountains towering around them and will often times show a calculated HAAT of - 200' as the repeater is 200' below the average terrain of the ten mile circle around the repeater. This does not mean the repeater does not get out vary far....propagation and defraction over the local terrain may allow this -200' repeater to cover over 100 miles. This only works in mountainous areas...don't try this from the bottom of a 200' pit in flat country ;) HAAT is just a calculation that attempts to even out the playing field. : : -- : +------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ : | Cliff Sharp | clifto@indep1.chi.il.us | : | WA9PDM | clifto@indep1.UUCP never works | : +------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Bob -- Bob Wilkins n6fri voice 440.250+ 100pl san francisco bay area bwilkins@cave.org packet n6fri @ n6eeg.#nocal.ca.usa.na ------------------------------ Date: 11 Jan 94 19:04:51 GMT From: ogicse!hp-cv!hp-pcd!hpspkla!depaul@network.ucsd.edu Subject: THANK YOU FOR CANCER REMARKS. To: info-hams@ucsd.edu Thank you to all who wrote articles on the posting I had called: Brain Cancer, Leukemia from Ham Radio I've printed out all articles both posted here and posted to my address. Now I need to sit down in a quiet place and learn. Again, THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! Regards, Marc DePaul KA3DNR ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 11 Jan 1994 00:08:44 GMT From: boulder!cnsnews!spot.Colorado.EDU!collinsn@uunet.uu.net Subject: why 29.94 fps? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article <2gs9mk$gd6@aurns1.aur.alcatel.com>, Clifton Powers <powers@aur.alcatel.com> wrote: > In article 3319@cmkrnl, jeh@cmkrnl.com (Jamie Hanrahan, Kernel Mode Systems) writes: > > In article <2g7p56$9s9@crl2.crl.com>, lreeves@crl.com (Les Reeves) writes: > > > The colorburst frequency is not only cast in stone-it is extremely accurate. > > > It is more accurate as a frequency reference than WWV. This is provided > > > that you are tuned to a network-supplied program. > > > Also, at that time it was stated that the networks used rubidium-clock > > frequency standards, which are secondary standards: They're awfully good but > > they still have to be calibrated against something better. NIST (the folks who > > run WWV) uses cesium-beam clocks, which are primary standards, needing no > > calibration for frequency. Have the networks since upgraded to cesium-beam > > clocks? And, given that the local stations probably haven't, does it matter > > anyway? Even if they have, they're still "only" as good as NIST's clocks, so > > why should one over-the-air signal be better than another? (propagation > > changes on shortwave, maybe?) > > > > Colorburst transmit frequency is required to be +/-10Hz (5.5873E-6 or 5.5873ppm). > PPM means parts per million. > This requires a good ovenized oscillator(that isn't cheap). Rubidium Oscillators > go for about $20,000 I think. Cesium Beam clocks are > $200,000. > The clocks that NIST uses are the best in the world. They have about 10 of them > that are all averaged together. > > WWV, however loses a lot in its method of transmission and to propagation effects. > Received accuracy (if you have a stable enough PLL to track it without further > loss of accuracy) is about 1E-7 (0.1ppm) frequency accuracy and 1ms for timing. I couldn't find an exact figure to back this up, but quoting "NBS Special Publication 432" (National Bureau of Standards, which is now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)) (#432 supersedes publication 236) for WWV (Fort Collins, Colorado) & WWVH (Kauai, Hawaii): "Accuracy and Stability: The time and frequency broadcasts are controlled by the primary NBS Frequency Standard in Boulder, Colorado. The frequencies as transmitted are accurate to within one part in 100 billion (1x10^11) at all times. Deviations are normally less than one part in 1000 billion (1x10^12) from day to day. However, changes in propagation medium (causing Doppler effect, diurnal shifts, etc.) result in fluctuations in the carrier frequencies AS RECEIVED by the user that may be much greater than the uncertainty described above.". A binary coded decimal (BCD) time code is also transmitted on a 100Hz subcarrier by WWV & WWVH. The audio portion of these broadcasts can be heard via telephone (but not the RF carriers). At (303)499-7111 for WWV and (808)335-4363 for WWVH. The accuracy received anywhere in the contiguous 48 states is 30ms or better. Now if you want real accuracy ( :-) ), try WWVB (Fort Collins, Colorado). This is a BCD time code only (1 bit per second!) on a 60KHz radio carrier. And to quote publication 432 again: "The frequency of WWVB is normally within its prescribed value to better than 1 part in 100 billion (1x10^11). Deviations from day to day are less than 5 parts in 1000 billion (5x10^12). Effects of the propagation medium on received signals are relatively minor at low frequencies; therefore, frequency comparisons to better than 1 part in 10^11 are possible using appropriate receiving and averaging techniques.". From publication 432: "Frequency Calibration Service Using Network Television: For those users who require only frequency calibrations, an alternative to the radio broadcasts is available. This service provides a means of calibrating oscillators traceable to NBS. It gives the user the option of calibrating his oscillator quickly at very low cost, with modest accuracy, or of expending more time and money for higher accuracy.". "The service is very reliable because the networks use extremely stable rubidium or cesium oscillators to generate the 3.58MHz color subcarrier frequency which is transmitted with all color programs. The color signal is then used as a transfer standard. Any oscillator that has a frequency of 10/N MHz, where N is any integer from 1 to 100, can be calibrated.". "If a user wants to make a calibration, he compares the color signal coming from the network centers in New York City (or Los Angeles for those on the West Coast) with his local oscillator. NBS monitors the same network signals and publishes the difference between the network oscillators and the NBS Frequency Standard in the monthly NBS Time and Frequency Services Bulletin. A user then knows two things: (1) the difference between his oscillator and the network oscillators (by measurement) and (2) the difference between the networks and NBS (by publication). With this information, he can easily compute the difference between his oscillator and NBS. Thus, his calibration is traceable to the NBS Frequency Standard.". "NBS has developed two methods for making these frequency calibrations. Equipment is commercially available for both methods.". "Color Bar Comparator Method: The color bar comparator is a simple circuit that connects to a standard color television set. It produces a colored bar on the screen that changes color or moves across the screen at a rate that depends on the frequency difference between the user's oscillator and the TV network signal. By timing these changes with a stopwatch and referring to the data published by NBS, an oscillator can be rapidly calibrated to an accuracy of 1 part in 1 billion (1x10^9).". "Digital Offset Computer Method: The second method, using a digital offset computer, provides an automatic means of calibrating high- quality crystal or atomic oscillators. It compares a signal from the user's oscillator with the TV color signal and displays the frequency difference on the TV screen as parts in 100 billion (parts in 10^11). If measurements are averaged over about 15 minutes, a calibration accuracy of one part in 100 billion can usually be achieved.". NBS time can also be received via the GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) satellites of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). > Even to keep this accuracy would cost you at least $1000. Stratum 3 oscillators used in non-central office telephone equipment are 4.7ppm and cost at least $2000. > > Since the colorburst crystal in your TV is > 100ppm, any PLL that uses that > crystal to lock onto an external source cannot be any better than 100ppm. I am building a self-resetting clock which uses WWVB and should have an accuracy of around 1ms (which is much more than needed for a clock :-) ). I have a current version which has been running for over 10 years which as I remember is accurate to around 1/256 of a second. So the important factor for accuracy while NOT receiving the WWVB signal is the STABILITY of the crystal (not the frequency accuracy). For more information on receiving WWVB, see Don Lancaster's articles in Radio Electronics: July 1972 (pages 54-58), August 1972 (pages 60-62), August 1973 (pages 48-51 - this starts the WWVB part), and September 1973 (pages 98,101). I only used the design for the receiving antenna and preamp (which are not my areas of expertise) and threw out the rest of the design and replaced it with a microprocessor (note the dates on the articles :-) ). I am lucky that I live in Colorado, so I didn't need to use any of the fancier receiving methods which Don Lancaster describes in his articles. > Incidently, NIST was working on a computer system where you could request time > and frequency by modem. It would figure out the delay of the telephone path > and compensate for it. Some manufacturers (True Time was one of them) was working (303)494-4774 (1200 baud, 8bit, 1stop, no parity). Did everybody make it this far? :-) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Neil Collins collinsn@spot.colorado.edu | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 11 Jan 1994 00:11:42 GMT From: boulder!cnsnews!spot.Colorado.EDU!collinsn@uunet.uu.net Subject: why 29.94 fps? To: info-hams@ucsd.edu In article <2gs9mk$gd6@aurns1.aur.alcatel.com>, Clifton Powers <powers@aur.alcatel.com> wrote: > In article 3319@cmkrnl, jeh@cmkrnl.com (Jamie Hanrahan, Kernel Mode Systems) writes: > > In article <2g7p56$9s9@crl2.crl.com>, lreeves@crl.com (Les Reeves) writes: > > > The colorburst frequency is not only cast in stone-it is extremely accurate. > > > It is more accurate as a frequency reference than WWV. This is provided > > > that you are tuned to a network-supplied program. > > > Also, at that time it was stated that the networks used rubidium-clock > > frequency standards, which are secondary standards: They're awfully good but > > they still have to be calibrated against something better. NIST (the folks who > > run WWV) uses cesium-beam clocks, which are primary standards, needing no > > calibration for frequency. Have the networks since upgraded to cesium-beam > > clocks? And, given that the local stations probably haven't, does it matter > > anyway? Even if they have, they're still "only" as good as NIST's clocks, so > > why should one over-the-air signal be better than another? (propagation > > changes on shortwave, maybe?) > > > > Colorburst transmit frequency is required to be +/-10Hz (5.5873E-6 or 5.5873ppm). > PPM means parts per million. > This requires a good ovenized oscillator(that isn't cheap). Rubidium Oscillators > go for about $20,000 I think. Cesium Beam clocks are > $200,000. > The clocks that NIST uses are the best in the world. They have about 10 of them > that are all averaged together. > > WWV, however loses a lot in its method of transmission and to propagation effects. > Received accuracy (if you have a stable enough PLL to track it without further > loss of accuracy) is about 1E-7 (0.1ppm) frequency accuracy and 1ms for timing. I couldn't find an exact figure to back this up, but quoting "NBS Special Publication 432" (National Bureau of Standards, which is now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)) (#432 supersedes publication 236) for WWV (Fort Collins, Colorado) & WWVH (Kauai, Hawaii): "Accuracy and Stability: The time and frequency broadcasts are controlled by the primary NBS Frequency Standard in Boulder, Colorado. The frequencies as transmitted are accurate to within one part in 100 billion (1x10^11) at all times. Deviations are normally less than one part in 1000 billion (1x10^12) from day to day. However, changes in propagation medium (causing Doppler effect, diurnal shifts, etc.) result in fluctuations in the carrier frequencies AS RECEIVED by the user that may be much greater than the uncertainty described above.". A binary coded decimal (BCD) time code is also transmitted on a 100Hz subcarrier by WWV & WWVH. The audio portion of these broadcasts can be heard via telephone (but not the RF carriers). At (303)499-7111 for WWV and (808)335-4363 for WWVH. The accuracy received anywhere in the contiguous 48 states is 30ms or better. Now if you want real accuracy ( :-) ), try WWVB (Fort Collins, Colorado). This is a BCD time code only (1 bit per second!) on a 60KHz radio carrier. And to quote publication 432 again: "The frequency of WWVB is normally within its prescribed value to better than 1 part in 100 billion (1x10^11). Deviations from day to day are less than 5 parts in 1000 billion (5x10^12). Effects of the propagation medium on received signals are relatively minor at low frequencies; therefore, frequency comparisons to better than 1 part in 10^11 are possible using appropriate receiving and averaging techniques.". From publication 432: "Frequency Calibration Service Using Network Television: For those users who require only frequency calibrations, an alternative to the radio broadcasts is available. This service provides a means of calibrating oscillators traceable to NBS. It gives the user the option of calibrating his oscillator quickly at very low cost, with modest accuracy, or of expending more time and money for higher accuracy.". "The service is very reliable because the networks use extremely stable rubidium or cesium oscillators to generate the 3.58MHz color subcarrier frequency which is transmitted with all color programs. The color signal is then used as a transfer standard. Any oscillator that has a frequency of 10/N MHz, where N is any integer from 1 to 100, can be calibrated.". "If a user wants to make a calibration, he compares the color signal coming from the network centers in New York City (or Los Angeles for those on the West Coast) with his local oscillator. NBS monitors the same network signals and publishes the difference between the network oscillators and the NBS Frequency Standard in the monthly NBS Time and Frequency Services Bulletin. A user then knows two things: (1) the difference between his oscillator and the network oscillators (by measurement) and (2) the difference between the networks and NBS (by publication). With this information, he can easily compute the difference between his oscillator and NBS. Thus, his calibration is traceable to the NBS Frequency Standard.". "NBS has developed two methods for making these frequency calibrations. Equipment is commercially available for both methods.". "Color Bar Comparator Method: The color bar comparator is a simple circuit that connects to a standard color television set. It produces a colored bar on the screen that changes color or moves across the screen at a rate that depends on the frequency difference between the user's oscillator and the TV network signal. By timing these changes with a stopwatch and referring to the data published by NBS, an oscillator can be rapidly calibrated to an accuracy of 1 part in 1 billion (1x10^9).". "Digital Offset Computer Method: The second method, using a digital offset computer, provides an automatic means of calibrating high- quality crystal or atomic oscillators. It compares a signal from the user's oscillator with the TV color signal and displays the frequency difference on the TV screen as parts in 100 billion (parts in 10^11). If measurements are averaged over about 15 minutes, a calibration accuracy of one part in 100 billion can usually be achieved.". NBS time can also be received via the GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) satellites of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). > Even to keep this accuracy would cost you at least $1000. Stratum 3 oscillators used in non-central office telephone equipment are 4.7ppm and cost at least $2000. > > Since the colorburst crystal in your TV is > 100ppm, any PLL that uses that > crystal to lock onto an external source cannot be any better than 100ppm. I am building a self-resetting clock which uses WWVB and should have an accuracy of around 1ms (which is much more than needed for a clock :-) ). I have a current version which has been running for over 10 years which as I remember is accurate to around 1/256 of a second. So the important factor for accuracy while NOT receiving the WWVB signal is the STABILITY of the crystal (not the frequency accuracy). For more information on receiving WWVB, see Don Lancaster's articles in Radio Electronics: July 1972 (pages 54-58), August 1972 (pages 60-62), August 1973 (pages 48-51 - this starts the WWVB part), and September 1973 (pages 98,101). I only used the design for the receiving antenna and preamp (which are not my areas of expertise) and threw out the rest of the design and replaced it with a microprocessor (note the dates on the articles :-) ). I am lucky that I live in Colorado, so I didn't need to use any of the fancier receiving methods which Don Lancaster describes in his articles. > Incidently, NIST was working on a computer system where you could request time > and frequency by modem. It would figure out the delay of the telephone path > and compensate for it. Some manufacturers (True Time was one of them) was working (303)494-4774 (1200 baud, 8bit, 1stop, no parity). Did everybody make it this far? :-) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Neil Collins collinsn@spot.colorado.edu | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 11 Jan 1994 17:20:46 GMT From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!eff!news.kei.com!uhog.mit.edu!news.mtholyoke.edu!world!dts@network.ucsd.edu To: info-hams@ucsd.edu References <1994Jan8.170346.3051@n5ial.mythical.com>, <2gsahs$abt@ornews.intel.com>, <CJFoGs.2vo@ucdavis.edu>cwru.e Subject : Re: I need a terminal program for 2 TNCs at once In article <CJFoGs.2vo@ucdavis.edu> ez006683@othello.ucdavis.edu (Daniel D. Todd) writes: > On a related line. What good terminal programs allow for >individual windows for each stream in multiuser mode. It would also be >nice to have a window to monitor other QSO's without all the extra >garbage. For instance you could just use your mouse to select a >transmission and then all other transmissions to or from that station >would be sent to a window and preceeded only with the sending station's >call. It would be nice if it also compared the current packet to the last >recieved packet from the station and not display duplicate packets that I >recieved but the recipient missed. While there is probably nothing out >there that has the monitoring features I would like is there an easier >way to manage multi-stream conversations? > >Thanks, >Dan > PKGold (for AEA TNCs) and KAGOLD (for Kantronics) do a fantastic job in this area. They allow for multiple packet connects, keeping each separate from the other, monitoring of traffic on the frequency, and if dual port TNC, the ability to run HF on the other side, all at the same time. -- --------------------------------------------------------------- Daniel Senie Internet: dts@world.std.com Daniel Senie Consulting n1jeb@world.std.com 508-365-5352 Compuserve: 74176,1347 ------------------------------ End of Info-Hams Digest V94 #24 ****************************** ******************************