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XMODMAP(1) manual page
Table of Contents
xmodmap - utility for modifying keymaps and
pointer button mappings in X
xmodmap [-options ...] [filename]
The
xmodmap program is used to edit and display the keyboard modifier map
and keymap table that are used by client applications to convert event
keycodes into keysyms. It is usually run from the user's session startup
script to configure the keyboard according to personal tastes.
The
following options may be used with xmodmap:
- -display display
- This option
specifies the host and display to use.
- -help
- This option indicates that a
brief description of the command line arguments should be printed on the
standard error channel. This will be done whenever an unhandled argument
is given to xmodmap.
- -grammar
- This option indicates that a help message describing
the expression grammar used in files and with -e expressions should be
printed on the standard error.
- -verbose
- This option indicates that xmodmap
should print logging information as it parses its input.
- -quiet
- This option
turns off the verbose logging. This is the default.
- -n
- This option indicates
that xmodmap should not change the mappings, but should display what it
would do, like make(1)
does when given this option.
- -e expression
- This option
specifies an expression to be executed. Any number of expressions may be
specified from the command line.
- -pm
- This option indicates that the current
modifier map should be printed on the standard output.
- -pk
- This option indicates
that the current keymap table should be printed on the standard output.
- -pke
- This option indicates that the current keymap table should be printed
on the standard output in the form of expressions that can be fed back
to xmodmap.
- -pp
- This option indicates that the current pointer map should
be printed on the standard output.
- -
- A lone dash means that the standard
input should be used as the input file.
The filename specifies a file containing
xmodmap expressions to be executed. This file is usually kept in the user's
home directory with a name like .xmodmaprc.
The xmodmap
program reads a list of expressions and parses them all before attempting
to execute any of them. This makes it possible to refer to keysyms that
are being redefined in a natural way without having to worry as much about
name conflicts.
- keycode NUMBER = KEYSYMNAME ...
- The list of keysyms is assigned
to the indicated keycode (which may be specified in decimal, hex or octal
and can be determined by running the xev program.
- keycode any = KEYSYMNAME
...
- If no existing key has the specified list of keysyms assigned to it, a
spare key on the keyboard is selected and the keysyms are assigned to it.
The list of keysyms may be specified in decimal, hex or octal.
- keysym KEYSYMNAME
= KEYSYMNAME ...
- The KEYSYMNAME on the left hand side is translated into matching
keycodes used to perform the corresponding set of keycode expressions. The
list of keysym names may be found in the header file <X11/keysymdef.h> (without
the XK_ prefix) or the keysym database <XRoot>/lib/X11/XKeysymDB, where <XRoot>
refers to the root of the X11 install tree. Note that if the same keysym
is bound to multiple keys, the expression is executed for each matching
keycode.
- clear MODIFIERNAME
- This removes all entries in the modifier map
for the given modifier, where valid name are: Shift, Lock, Control, Mod1,
Mod2, Mod3, Mod4, and Mod5 (case does not matter in modifier names, although
it does matter for all other names). For example, ``clear Lock'' will remove
all any keys that were bound to the shift lock modifier.
- add MODIFIERNAME
= KEYSYMNAME ...
- This adds all keys containing the given keysyms to the indicated
modifier map. The keysym names are evaluated after all input expressions
are read to make it easy to write expressions to swap keys (see the EXAMPLES
section).
- remove MODIFIERNAME = KEYSYMNAME ...
- This removes all keys containing
the given keysyms from the indicated modifier map. Unlike add, the keysym
names are evaluated as the line is read in. This allows you to remove keys
from a modifier without having to worry about whether or not they have
been reassigned.
- pointer = default
- This sets the pointer map back to its
default settings (button 1 generates a code of 1, button 2 generates a
2, etc.).
- pointer = NUMBER ...
- This sets to pointer map to contain the indicated
button codes. The list always starts with the first physical button.
Lines
that begin with an exclamation point (!) are taken as comments.
If you want
to change the binding of a modifier key, you must also remove it from the
appropriate modifier map.
Many pointers are designed such that the
first button is pressed using the index finger of the right hand. People
who are left-handed frequently find that it is more comfortable to reverse
the button codes that get generated so that the primary button is pressed
using the index finger of the left hand. This could be done on a 3 button
pointer as follows:
% xmodmap -e "pointer = 3 2 1"
Many applications support the notion of Meta keys (similar to Control
keys except that Meta is held down instead of Control). However, some
servers do not have a Meta keysym in the default keymap table, so one needs
to be added by hand. The following command will attach Meta to the Multi-language
key (sometimes labeled Compose Character). It also takes advantage of the
fact that applications that need a Meta key simply need to get the keycode
and don't require the keysym to be in the first column of the keymap table.
This means that applications that are looking for a Multi_key (including
the default modifier map) won't notice any change.
% xmodmap -e "keysym Multi_key = Multi_key Meta_L"
Similarly, some keyboards have an Alt key but no Meta key. In that case
the following may be useful:
% xmodmap -e "keysym Alt_L = Meta_L Alt_L"
One of the more simple, yet convenient, uses of xmodmap is to set the
keyboard's "rubout" key to generate an alternate keysym. This frequently
involves exchanging Backspace with Delete to be more comfortable to the
user. If the ttyModes resource in xterm is set as well, all terminal emulator
windows will use the same key for erasing characters:
% xmodmap -e "keysym BackSpace = Delete"
% echo "XTerm*ttyModes: erase ^?" | xrdb -merge
Some keyboards do not automatically generate less than and greater than
characters when the comma and period keys are shifted. This can be remedied
with xmodmap by resetting the bindings for the comma and period with the
following scripts:
!
! make shift-, be < and shift-. be >
!
keysym comma = comma less
keysym period = period greater
One of the more irritating differences between keyboards is the location
of the Control and Shift Lock keys. A common use of xmodmap is to swap
these two keys as follows:
!
! Swap Caps_Lock and Control_L
!
remove Lock = Caps_Lock
remove Control = Control_L
keysym Control_L = Caps_Lock
keysym Caps_Lock = Control_L
add Lock = Caps_Lock
add Control = Control_L
The keycode command is useful for assigning the same keysym to multiple
keycodes. Although unportable, it also makes it possible to write scripts
that can reset the keyboard to a known state. The following script sets
the backspace key to generate Delete (as shown above), flushes all existing
caps lock bindings, makes the CapsLock key be a control key, make F5 generate
Escape, and makes Break/Reset be a shift lock.
!
! On the HP, the following keycodes have key caps as listed:
!
! 101 Backspace
! 55 Caps
! 14 Ctrl
! 15 Break/Reset
! 86 Stop
! 89 F5
!
keycode 101 = Delete
keycode 55 = Control_R
clear Lock
add Control = Control_R
keycode 89 = Escape
keycode 15 = Caps_Lock
add Lock = Caps_Lock
- DISPLAY
- to get default host and display number.
X(1)
,
xev(1)
, Xlib documentation on key and pointer events
Every time a keycode
expression is evaluated, the server generates a MappingNotify event on
every client. This can cause some thrashing. All of the changes should be
batched together and done at once. Clients that receive keyboard input and
ignore MappingNotify events will not notice any changes made to keyboard
mappings.
Xmodmap should generate "add" and "remove" expressions automatically
whenever a keycode that is already bound to a modifier is changed.
There
should be a way to have the remove expression accept keycodes as well as
keysyms for those times when you really mess up your mappings.
Jim
Fulton, MIT X Consortium, rewritten from an earlier version by David Rosenthal
of Sun Microsystems.
Table of Contents
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- af
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- am
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- az
- ba
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- bat_smg
- bcl
- be
- be_x_old
- bg
- bh
- bi
- bm
- bn
- bo
- bpy
- br
- bs
- bug
- bxr
- ca
- cbk_zam
- cdo
- ce
- ceb
- ch
- cho
- chr
- chy
- co
- cr
- crh
- cs
- csb
- cu
- cv
- cy
- da
- de
- diq
- dsb
- dv
- dz
- ee
- el
- eml
- en
- eo
- es
- et
- eu
- ext
- fa
- ff
- fi
- fiu_vro
- fj
- fo
- fr
- frp
- fur
- fy
- ga
- gan
- gd
- gl
- glk
- gn
- got
- gu
- gv
- ha
- hak
- haw
- he
- hi
- hif
- ho
- hr
- hsb
- ht
- hu
- hy
- hz
- ia
- id
- ie
- ig
- ii
- ik
- ilo
- io
- is
- it
- iu
- ja
- jbo
- jv
- ka
- kaa
- kab
- kg
- ki
- kj
- kk
- kl
- km
- kn
- ko
- kr
- ks
- ksh
- ku
- kv
- kw
- ky
- la
- lad
- lb
- lbe
- lg
- li
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- lmo
- ln
- lo
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- lv
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- mh
- mi
- mk
- ml
- mn
- mo
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- mt
- mus
- my
- myv
- mzn
- na
- nah
- nap
- nds
- nds_nl
- ne
- new
- ng
- nl
- nn
- no
- nov
- nrm
- nv
- ny
- oc
- om
- or
- os
- pa
- pag
- pam
- pap
- pdc
- pi
- pih
- pl
- pms
- ps
- pt
- qu
- quality
- rm
- rmy
- rn
- ro
- roa_rup
- roa_tara
- ru
- rw
- sa
- sah
- sc
- scn
- sco
- sd
- se
- sg
- sh
- si
- simple
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- sm
- sn
- so
- sr
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- st
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- sv
- sw
- szl
- ta
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- tg
- th
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- tr
- ts
- tt
- tum
- tw
- ty
- udm
- ug
- uk
- ur
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- ve
- vec
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- vls
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- wo
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- xal
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Static
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images)
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- ab
- af
- ak
- als
- am
- an
- ang
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- arc
- as
- ast
- av
- ay
- az
- ba
- bar
- bat_smg
- bcl
- be
- be_x_old
- bg
- bh
- bi
- bm
- bn
- bo
- bpy
- br
- bs
- bug
- bxr
- ca
- cbk_zam
- cdo
- ce
- ceb
- ch
- cho
- chr
- chy
- co
- cr
- crh
- cs
- csb
- cu
- cv
- cy
- da
- de
- diq
- dsb
- dv
- dz
- ee
- el
- eml
- eo
- es
- et
- eu
- ext
- fa
- ff
- fi
- fiu_vro
- fj
- fo
- fr
- frp
- fur
- fy
- ga
- gan
- gd
- gl
- glk
- gn
- got
- gu
- gv
- ha
- hak
- haw
- he
- hi
- hif
- ho
- hr
- hsb
- ht
- hu
- hy
- hz
- ia
- id
- ie
- ig
- ii
- ik
- ilo
- io
- is
- it
- iu
- ja
- jbo
- jv
- ka
- kaa
- kab
- kg
- ki
- kj
- kk
- kl
- km
- kn
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- kr
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- ku
- kv
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- ky
- la
- lad
- lb
- lbe
- lg
- li
- lij
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- ln
- lo
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- map_bms
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- mg
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- rm
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- ro
- roa_rup
- roa_tara
- ru
- rw
- sa
- sah
- sc
- scn
- sco
- sd
- se
- sg
- sh
- si
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- sm
- sn
- so
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- srn
- ss
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