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Background and terminology
Fonts in XFree86
: Background and terminology
Previous: Fonts in XFree86
Next: New fonts
1. Background and terminology
1.1. Characters and glyphs
A character is an abstract unit of a writing system. Examples
of characters include the Latin capital letter A, the Arabic
letter jim, and the dingbat black scissors.
A glyph is a shape that may represent one or many characters when
displayed by a window system or printed by a printer.
While glyphs roughly correspond to characters in most cases, this
correspondence is not, in general, one to one. For example, a font may
have many variant forms of the capital letter A; a single fi
ligature may correspond to the letters f and i.
A coded character set is a set of characters together with a
mapping from integer codes -- known as codepoints -- to
characters. Examples of coded character sets include US-ASCII,
ISO 8859-1, KOI8-R, and JIS X 0208(1990).
A coded character set need not use 8-bit integers to index
characters. Many early mainframes used 6-bit character sets, while
16-bit (or more) character sets are necessary for ideographic writing
systems.
1.2. Font files, fonts, and XLFD
Traditionally, typographers speak about typefaces and
founts (we use the traditional British spelling to distinguish
founts from digital fonts). A typeface is a particular style or
design, such as Times Italic, while a fount is a molten-lead
incarnation of a given typeface at a given size.
Digital fonts come in font files. A font file contains all the
information necessary for generating glyphs of a given typeface, and
applications using font files may access glyph information in
arbitrary order.
Digital fonts may consist of bitmap data, in which case they are said
to be bitmap fonts. They may also consist of a mathematical
description of glyph shapes, in which case they are said to be
scalable fonts. Common formats for scalable font files are
Type 1 (sometimes incorrectly called ATM fonts or
PostScript fonts), Speedo and TrueType.
The glyph data in a digital font needs to be indexed somehow. How
this is done depends on the font file format. In the case of
Type 1 fonts, glyphs are identified by glyph names. In the
case of TrueType fonts, glyphs are indexed by integers corresponding
to one of a number of indexing schemes (usually Unicode --- see below).
The X11 system uses the data in font file to generate font
instances, which are collections of glyphs at a given size indexed
according to a given encoding. X11 font instances are specified using
a notation known as the X Logical Font Description (XLFD). An
XLFD starts with a dash `-
', and consists of fourteen fields
separated by dashes, for example
-adobe-courier-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-iso8859-1
Or particular interest are the last two fields `iso8859-1
', which
specify the font instance's encoding.
1.3. Unicode
Unicode (http://www.unicode.org) is a coded character
set with the goal of uniquely identifying all characters for all
scripts, current and historical. While Unicode was explicitly not
designed as a glyph encoding scheme, it is often possible to use it as
such.
Unicode is an open character set, in that codepoint assignments
may be added to Unicode at any time (once specified, though, an
assignment can never be changed). For this reason, a Unicode font
will be sparse, and only define glyphs for a subset of the
character registry of Unicode.
The Unicode standard is defined in parallel with ISO 10646.
Assignments in the two standards are always equivalent, and this
document uses the terms ``Unicode'' and ``ISO 10646'' interchangeably.
When used in X11, Unicode-encoded fonts should have the last two
fields of their XLFD set to `iso10646-1
'.
Fonts in XFree86
: Background and terminology
Previous: Fonts in XFree86
Next: New fonts
Static
Wikipedia 2008 (no
images)
aa
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Static
Wikipedia 2007 (no
images)
aa
- ab
- af
- ak
- als
- am
- an
- ang
- ar
- arc
- as
- ast
- av
- ay
- az
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- chy
- co
- cr
- crh
- cs
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- cu
- cv
- cy
- da
- de
- diq
- dsb
- dv
- dz
- ee
- el
- eml
- en
- eo
- es
- et
- eu
- ext
- fa
- ff
- fi
- fiu_vro
- fj
- fo
- fr
- frp
- fur
- fy
- ga
- gan
- gd
- gl
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- gn
- got
- gu
- gv
- ha
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- haw
- he
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- ho
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- ie
- ig
- ii
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- it
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- ja
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- kk
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- km
- kn
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- kr
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- ku
- kv
- kw
- ky
- la
- lad
- lb
- lbe
- lg
- li
- lij
- lmo
- ln
- lo
- lt
- lv
- map_bms
- mdf
- mg
- mh
- mi
- mk
- ml
- mn
- mo
- mr
- mt
- mus
- my
- myv
- mzn
- na
- nah
- nap
- nds
- nds_nl
- ne
- new
- ng
- nl
- nn
- no
- nov
- nrm
- nv
- ny
- oc
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- or
- os
- pa
- pag
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- pap
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- pi
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- pl
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- ps
- pt
- qu
- quality
- rm
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- rn
- ro
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- ru
- rw
- sa
- sah
- sc
- scn
- sco
- sd
- se
- sg
- sh
- si
- simple
- sk
- sl
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- sn
- so
- sr
- srn
- ss
- st
- stq
- su
- sv
- sw
- szl
- ta
- te
- tet
- tg
- th
- ti
- tk
- tl
- tlh
- tn
- to
- tpi
- tr
- ts
- tt
- tum
- tw
- ty
- udm
- ug
- uk
- ur
- uz
- ve
- vec
- vi
- vls
- vo
- wa
- war
- wo
- wuu
- xal
- xh
- yi
- yo
- za
- zea
- zh
- zh_classical
- zh_min_nan
- zh_yue
- zu
-
Static
Wikipedia 2006 (no
images)
aa
- ab
- af
- ak
- als
- am
- an
- ang
- ar
- arc
- as
- ast
- av
- ay
- az
- ba
- bar
- bat_smg
- bcl
- be
- be_x_old
- bg
- bh
- bi
- bm
- bn
- bo
- bpy
- br
- bs
- bug
- bxr
- ca
- cbk_zam
- cdo
- ce
- ceb
- ch
- cho
- chr
- chy
- co
- cr
- crh
- cs
- csb
- cu
- cv
- cy
- da
- de
- diq
- dsb
- dv
- dz
- ee
- el
- eml
- eo
- es
- et
- eu
- ext
- fa
- ff
- fi
- fiu_vro
- fj
- fo
- fr
- frp
- fur
- fy
- ga
- gan
- gd
- gl
- glk
- gn
- got
- gu
- gv
- ha
- hak
- haw
- he
- hi
- hif
- ho
- hr
- hsb
- ht
- hu
- hy
- hz
- ia
- id
- ie
- ig
- ii
- ik
- ilo
- io
- is
- it
- iu
- ja
- jbo
- jv
- ka
- kaa
- kab
- kg
- ki
- kj
- kk
- kl
- km
- kn
- ko
- kr
- ks
- ksh
- ku
- kv
- kw
- ky
- la
- lad
- lb
- lbe
- lg
- li
- lij
- lmo
- ln
- lo
- lt
- lv
- map_bms
- mdf
- mg
- mh
- mi
- mk
- ml
- mn
- mo
- mr
- mt
- mus
- my
- myv
- mzn
- na
- nah
- nap
- nds
- nds_nl
- ne
- new
- ng
- nl
- nn
- no
- nov
- nrm
- nv
- ny
- oc
- om
- or
- os
- pa
- pag
- pam
- pap
- pdc
- pi
- pih
- pl
- pms
- ps
- pt
- qu
- quality
- rm
- rmy
- rn
- ro
- roa_rup
- roa_tara
- ru
- rw
- sa
- sah
- sc
- scn
- sco
- sd
- se
- sg
- sh
- si
- simple
- sk
- sl
- sm
- sn
- so
- sr
- srn
- ss
- st
- stq
- su
- sv
- sw
- szl
- ta
- te
- tet
- tg
- th
- ti
- tk
- tl
- tlh
- tn
- to
- tpi
- tr
- ts
- tt
- tum
- tw
- ty
- udm
- ug
- uk
- ur
- uz
- ve
- vec
- vi
- vls
- vo
- wa
- war
- wo
- wuu
- xal
- xh
- yi
- yo
- za
- zea
- zh
- zh_classical
- zh_min_nan
- zh_yue
- zu
-
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